Chapter 3:Socialization
Look familiar? Or Chaos?
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Isolation, how bad can it
get?
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Chapter 3:Socialization
What is Human Nature?
 Nature vs. Nurture - Oscar and Jack
Workaholic v. leisurely
 Feral Children

Victor “Wild Boy”
 Isolated Children

Genie, Anna, Isabelle
 Institutionalized Children

Skeels and Dye Study

Study of Orphanages

12 Control 13 Experimental

21 years later? 12 grade Average. 5 completed 1 or more
years of college, 1 to graduate school, 11 married

All were self sufficiant

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Chapter 3:Socialization
Deprived Animals
 Harry and Margret Harlow (1962)
 Two artificial Mothers
 One with wire frame and wooden head
 One with no bottle but covered with soft
terrycloth
 What was the outcome?
 Page 67
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Chapter 3:Socialization
In Sum…
Society Makes Us Human
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into the Self and
Mind
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self
 Remember Symbolic Interactionism?? He Influenced it Duh!
 We Imagine How We Appear to Others

I’m Very Cool
 We Interpret Others’ Reactions

Do you like me?
 We Develop a Self-Concept

Positive and Negative
 Take the Role of the other

Someone else's shoes
 Significant Others – Parents, Siblings
 When do we act out on these principles? Generalized Other
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into
the Self and Mind
Mead and Role-Taking
 Imitation
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into
the Self and Mind
Mead and Role-Taking
 Imitation
 Play
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into
the Self and Mind
Mead and Role-Taking
 Imitation
 Play
 Games
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Chapter 3:Socialization
George Herbert Mead – 1863-1929



University of Chicago
Generalized Other – Integrated conception of our
norms. “You get it!”
Example – being honest >> Significant others
 Self Concept - Self is not a structure, it is a
process. The I acts and the Me defends the self as
reflective of others. The combination of the Me and
the I.
 “I” is the spontaneous, and active part.
 “Me” is the socialized portion
 The “I” is the first reaction
 They are both in constant communication
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into the Self and Mind
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
Being human means having the ability to reason
 Sensorimotor Stage – Birth to age two

Do I have toes?
 Preoperational Stage –Two to age Seven

Count, Count what does that mean? Mountains
 Concrete Operational Stage – Seven to Twelve

Can take roles and participate in games, But … Truth?
 Formal Operational Stage – After age Twelve

Capable of abstract thinking

Slavery Example! How in our country?
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions
 Freud and the Development of Personality
Physician in Vienna Austria in the early 1900’s

Best known for what?

Personality has three elements 1) ID – Inborn
Drives 2) EGO – The balancing force 3) Super EGO
– Your Conscience, that voice we talked about.
 The ID demands immediate self fulfillment for basic
needs
 The Super EGO represents the Culture Within Us
 Kohlber and the Development of Morality

 Gilligan and Gender Differences in Morality
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Work to outline the following people or
Studies:
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Kohlberg and Gilligan P. 72-73

Theory on development? Gender differences?
Paul Ekman P.73 Global and Expressing Emotions
Ifaluk P. 74
Colin Turnbull P. 74 The IK?
Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis

What did they find? P. 75-76
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into Emotions
 Global Emotions
 Expressing Emotions
 What We Feel
 Research Needed
 The Self and Emotions as Social
Control - Society Within Us
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Down-to-Earth Sociology
 Colin Turnbull and the Ik
 Passionless Society
 Selfishness, Numbness, Lack of Concern
 Only Good is Pursuit of Food
 No School, No Church, No Family
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Society Within Us
 The Self and Emotions as Social Control
 Are We Free?
 Expectations of Family and Friends
 Social Mirror
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into Gender

Gender Messages in the Family

Goldberg and Lewis

Could be Biological?

Innate differences

Monkeys – cars and Dolls
 Gender Messages from Peers

Wimpy

Milkie Study - Discovery as boys
 Gender Messages in the Mass Media
 Advertising
20,000 commercials a year
G – Cooperative B – Aggressive
G – Giggly B – Dominant
 Unrealistic and inadequate leads to an
array of products to get you there
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization into Gender

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Television – reinforces stereotypes of the sexes
Male characters outnumber females
Males usually portrayed in higher status position
Women's sports on television?

Cheerleaders though?

Trivialized and mocked
Kim Possible, Xena, Alias,
Buffy the Vampire
More women are injured from being battered by men than
by all rapes, muggings and automobile crashes combined.
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Agents of Socialization

Religion

On any given Sunday 2 out of 5 Americans attend a religious
service
 Day Care

Children who spend more hours in day care have weaker bonds
with their mothers

More likely to fight and to be cruel

Why might this be?

But…score higher on language tests
 The School

Manifest Function - intended

Latent Function – unintended

Universality

Hidden and corridor curriculum
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Agents of Socialization

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The Neighborhood
Common Sense tells us

Children from poor neighborhoods are more likely to get into
trouble, become pregnant or drop out of school
Residents from more affluent neighborhoods watch out for each
others kids
Poor neighborhoods don’t care about kids?
Less Transition in neighbors, so adults know children
Peer Groups

Influence of the family lessons as time goes on

Adler Study – Boys are made popular through athletics,
coolness, and toughness. Girls are made popular through
family background, physical appearance, and the ability to
attract boys.

The standards dominate
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Agents of Socialization
 Sports and Competitive Success
Not just physical skills learned but values

Justification for sports

Boys - Masculinity Girls – Meaningful Relationships
 The Workplace

Gain a new perspective on life from coworkers

Anticipatory Socialization – learning to play a role
before entering it

Get out before its to late! Student Teachers

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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization Through Life
 Resocialization
 Mild - New Boss
 Intense - Alcoholics Anonymous
 Degradation Ceremony – Prisoners – their verdict being read
 Total Institutions - Boot Camp
 Childhood - Birth to ~12 yrs
 Adolescence - 13 to 17 yrs
 Transitional Adulthood - 18 to 29 yrs
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Chapter 3:Socialization
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization Through Life
The Middle Years - 30 to 65 yrs
 Early Middle Years - 30 to 49 yrs
 Later Middle Years - 50 to 65 yrs
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Socialization Through Life
The Older Years ~65 yrs on
 Early Older Years
 Later Older Years
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Sociological Significance
of the Life Course
 Does Not Merely Represent Biology
 Social Factors Influence Life Course
 Social Location Very Significant
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Chapter 3:Socialization
Are We Prisoners of
Socialization?
 Sociologists Do Not Think So
 Individuals Are Actively Involved
in the Construction of the Self
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