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Using These Slides
These PowerPoint slides have been designed for use by students and instructors using the
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity textbook by Conrad Kottak. These files
contain short outlines of the content of the chapters, as well as selected photographs, maps,
and tables. Students may find these outlines useful as a study guide or a tool for review.
Instructors may find these files useful as a basis for building their own lecture slides or as
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more complete outline in order to accomplish the goals above. Both audiences should feel
free to edit, delete, rearrange, and rework these files to build the best personalized outline,
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Contents of Student CD-ROM
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with every new textbook and features the
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How To Ace This Course:
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of Michigan)
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indicating why your answer is correct or
incorrect)
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Contents of
Online Learning Center
Student’s Online Learning Center—this free web-based student supplement features many of
the same tools as the Student CD-ROM (so students can access these materials either online or
on CD, whichever is convenient), but also includes:
•An entirely new self-quiz for each chapter (with feedback, so students can take two pre-tests
prior to exams)
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C
h
a
p
t
e
r
The Arts
This chapter introduces students to the
anthropological study of art. It shows how
the appreciation, creation, transmission, and
use of art are embedded in culture and are
learned.
20
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What is Art?

Art is very difficult to
define, but it generally
refers to the
manifestations of human
creativity through which
people express
themselves in dance,
music, song, painting,
sculpture, pottery, cloth, This photo, taken in Berlin, Germany,
story telling, verse, prose, illustrates art within art. In the background,
the experimental artist Christo has wrapped
drama, and comedy.
the Reichstag. Another man has wrapped
himself and is now posing in front.
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rights reserved.
Photo
Credit: Thomas
Hoepker/
Photos
Art and Religion



Definitions of both art and religion focus on the more than ordinary
aspects of each with regard to how they are different from the ordinary
and profane/secular.
A lot of Western and non-Western art has been created in association
with religion, but it is important to remember that not all non-Western art
has ritual or religious importance.
Art and religion both have formal (museums and churches, temples) and
informal (parks, homes, and regular gathering places) venues of
expression.
 State-level societies have permanent structures for religion and art.
 Nonstate-level societies lack permanent structures for religion and
art.
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Art and Religion
This artist
carves a statue
of the Buddha
on the grounds
of a temple in
Phnom Penh,
Cambodia in
1988.
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Photo Credit:
P.J. Griffiths/Magnum
Photos
Locating Art
In states, art is housed in special buildings like museums,
concert halls, and theaters.
 In nonstates, artistic expression takes place in public spaces
that have been set aside for art.
 In states, critics, judges, and experts determine what is art
and what is not.
 The Kalabari example demonstrates that not all sculpture is
art because wooden carvings are manufactured exclusively
for religious reasons.

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Locating Art
Map
showing the
location of
the
Kalabari.
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Art and Individuality
Some anthropologists have criticized that the study of nonWestern art ignores the individual and focuses too much on
the group.
 However, in many non-Western societies, there is more
collective production of art than in Western cultures.
 Bohannan argued that among the Tiv, the emphasis should
be on the critics rather than the artists because the Tiv do not
recognize the same connection between artists and their art.
 The degree to which artists can be separated from their work
varies cross-culturally.

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The Work of Art

In all societies art is work.



In nonstate societies, artists cannot work on their art all of the
time as they still must hunt, gather, fish, herd, or farm to eat.
In states, artists are full-time specialists whose career is their
work.
Artistic completeness or mastery is determined and
maintained by both formal and informal standards.
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Art, Society, and Culture

Art is usually a public phenomena that is exhibited,
performed, evaluated, and appreciated in society.



Ethnomusicology is the comparative study of the music of the
world and of music as an aspect of culture and society.
Folk art, music, and lore refer to the expressive culture of
ordinary people.
Art is a form of social communication.
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The Cultural Transmission of the Arts
Art is a part of culture and as a result appreciation for the
arts are internalized during enculturation.
 The appreciation of different art forms varies crossculturally.
 In nonindustrialized societies, artistic traditions are
generally transmitted through families and kin groups.
 The art of storytelling plays a critical role in the
transmission, preservation, and expression of cultural
traditions.

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The Artistic Career
In many non-Western societies children born into certain
lineages are destined for a particular artistic career (e.g.,
leather working, wood carving, and making pottery)
 Full craft specialists find support through their kin ties in
non-Western societies or through patrons in Western
societies.
 The arts rely on individual talent which is shaped through
socially approved directions.

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Continuity and Change
The arts are always
changing.
 The arts incorporate
a wide variety of
media.

In Athens, Greece, ancient Greek theater is being
staged for a contemporary audience.
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by The
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All rights reserved.
Photo
Credit:
James P. Blair/
National
Society