Information Systems Hardware
MIS 320
Kraig K. Pencil
Summer 2014
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran and Kraig Pencil
A. Game Plan
• Computer hierarchy
• Bits and bytes
• IS Hardware
– Processing and storage
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B: Computer Hierarchy
Servers: computers that serve
multiple users
simultaneously
Photo: Facebook servers. (Time Magazine)
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218
539,00.html
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218
543,00.html
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy
1. Rank the following from largest to
smallest:
• Micro computer
• Mainframe
• Workstation
• PDA
• Supercomputer
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)
2.
Supercomputer
–
–
Most processing power
Common applications: Large simulation
models of real-world phenomena
•
–
3.
E.g.,
Price: $250k - $20 million
Mainframe Computer
–
–
–
–
“Big iron”, “Enterprise Server”
Used in large corporations for centralized transaction
processing and maintaining large databases
Example applications: E-commerce (e.g., servers for
Amazon WWW systems), Airline reservations
Price: > $100k
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
•
•
•
http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/
07/23/mainframe-computers-thatchange-with-thetimes/?ref=technology
Main frame for 75,000 dollars. . .
considered to be cheap, and an
effective counter move from IBM
against cloud based data centers.
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)
4. Workstation
– Desktop machines
– “PC on steroids”
– Provide very high-speed calculations and highresolution graphics and 3-D graphics
• Example applications: DSS for stock market analysts
and engineers, software development, animated movies
– Vendors include Sun Microsystems, HewlettPackard, Apple Computer
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)
5. Microcomputer
– Desktop PC, Mac, Laptop, tablet
– Often single-user, but can be used
as servers
– Example applications: TPS for smaller
organizations, MIS reports, DSS for
decision makers
6. Smart Phone / Personal digital assistant (PDA)
– I-Phone, Android, Blackberry …
– Wireless capabilities: WWW and E-mail
– Example business applications: communications,
inventory management, healthcare
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
C. Bits and Bytes
1.
Binary notation
– Common format (“language”) for computers
– Expressed as a series of ___s
0 and ___s
1
2.
Bit
–
3.
“Binary digit”
Byte
– String of 8 bits  28 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256)
– Standard codes are used to represent characters/numbers
– e.g., The character “A” = 01000001 (ASCII-8 code)
The number “1” = 00110001 (ASCII-8 code)
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
C. Bits and Bytes (cont.)
4. Bytes in perspective
–
–
–
–
–
Short document: 10,000 characters (or bytes)
Large SW program: Millions of bytes
Medium database: Billions of bytes
A large database: Trillions of bytes
A very large database: 1,000 trillions of bytes
5. Rank from largest to smallest
–
–
–
–
–
Megabyte
Terabyte
Petabyte
Kilobyte
Gigabyte
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
D. IS Hardware
1. Recall the “5 Cs” of info processing
•
•
•
•
•
Capture (input)
Convey (output)
Create (process)
Cradle (primary & secondary storage)
Communicate
2. Our focus: Processing and primary/secondary storage
3. How are these hardware characteristics represented in
the PC ads?
•
Example: Dell PC component list (see figures)
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Processing
Image Source: Dell Computer:
http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Memory
Image Source: Dell Computer:
http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Storage
Image Source: Dell Computer:
http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duzO0YX4WnA&feature=channel
E. IS Hardware: Processing
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•
•
•
Performs the “bit crunching”
Microprocessor
•  Many transistors on a silicon “chip”
Now: Can include billions of transistors
•
E.g., Intel “Tukwila” processor: 2 billion
Transistor diagram
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Components of a Personal Computer
Top half of diagram:
• Components on the
motherboard.
CPU
Bottom half of
diagram:
• Components
attached to the
motherboard
http://www.techautos.com/2010/03/14/smartphone-processor-guide/
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Motherboard
Technical view
CPU
http://xkcd.com/730/
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
E. IS Hardware: CPU Components
Control unit
Receives input signals and
serves as “traffic cop” (tells
computer what to do)
CPU
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Performs arithmetic & comparison operations
Registers
High speed storage areas
Image source:
Rainer,
et al,
Introduction to
IS, 2009
{
Instructions and data go in
Primary storage
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Results come out
E. IS Hardware: Processing (cont.)
3. Moore’s Law
–
–
Gordon Moore: Intel co-founder
Prediction: Computer processor capacity
per integrated circuit
 Double ~ every two years
• Prediction made in 1965
• Expected the trend to last till 1975
• Trend has continued for much
longer than Moore expected
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Moore’s Law: Number of transistors per integrated circuit
[Source: Intel Corporation]
Tukwila
Image Source: Intel: http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Data Storage
1.
Where is data kept?
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
F. Primary Storage
Place where information needed for current and most
frequent processing is stored. May include
•
•
•
Operating system instructions
Program instructions
Data to be processed
Installing memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiFIgSQOY
7g
1. RAM
•
•
Dell PC Component List
Random Access Memory
•
•
•
•
Information can be accessed directly
Chips
“Volatile”
Example range for common micros: 2-6 GB (Can go higher)
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
F. Primary Storage (cont.)
2. “Cache” memory
•
•
•
•
•
A special type of memory
Very fast, expensive, close to CPU
Stores info used most frequently by CPU
Not many bytes
Example range for common micros: 2-8 MB
3. “Built-in” ROM
•
•
•
Read Only Memory
“NonVolatile”
Example: Used to “boot” the computer at start-up
•
•
Stores instructions to tell computer what to do
Initiates process of loading Operating System into RAM
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
G. Secondary Storage
1.
Place to store large amounts of
information for an extended period of
time
Features
2.
•
•
•
“Nonvolatile”
Takes longer to retrieve
Cost effective
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
G. Secondary Storage
3.
Example
–
–
–
Flash memory*
•
A cousin of ROM (non-volatile, no moving parts)
•
USB 16 GB  ~ $30
Hard drive (magnetic disk)
Example range for common micros:
500-750 GB)  ~ $50
1000 GB  ~$55-$80
CD/DVD (optical disk)
*Prediction: Flash memory will
replace hard drives in laptops within 5 years.
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6
wTZhsffEE&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Cue at 1:05 and 2:10.
Ranking Storage Devices
Fast …………………Slow
Expensive …………Cheap
Cache
Ram
Rom
Flash
Hard drive
DVDs
Non-volatile
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil