To Do List
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We will review test to start class.
• Student who were not here yesterday will have to
take the test today. Study for 10 minutes and be
ready to turn in vocab. and study guide to the bin.
• While studying everyone else should work on their
vocabulary.
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After students start test the rest of the class
will work on work sheet for African Societies.
After class work we will go over notes.
After notes students will work on vocabulary,
homework, or current events.
8.1 Diverse Societies
in Africa
A Land of Geographic Contrasts

Geography of Africa
• Large continent, but coastline has few
ports, harbors, or inlets

Challenging Environments
• Africa has many deserts, including huge
Sahara
• The southern edge of expanding Sahara
is called the Sahel.
• Rainforests are found near the central
part of the continent.
A Land of Geographic Contrasts

Welcoming Lands
• Northern Coast and southern tip of
Africa have Mediterranean Climates
• Savannas, or grasslands cover most of
Africa
Early Humans Adapt to their
Environments

Nomadic Lifestyle
• Earliest peoples are nomadic hunter-gatherers.
• Herders drive animals to find waters and graze
pastures.
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Transition to a Settled Lifestyle
• Agriculture probably develops by 6,000 B.C.
• As the Sahara dried up farmers move to West
Africa or Nile Valley.
• Agriculture allows permanent settlements and
governments to develop
Early Societies in Africa

Societies organized by Family Groups
• Extended families made up several generations
• Families with common ancestors form groups known as
clans
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Local Religions
• Early religions usually include elements of animismbelief in spirits inhabiting objects

Keeping a History
• Few African societies have written languages
• History, literature, culture passed on by story tellers
called griots.
• Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before
outsiders arrive.
West African Iron Age

Learning about the past
• Artifacts reveal how people lived in the
past.
• Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures
producing iron around 500 B.C.

Nok Culture
• Nok—West Africa’s earliest known
culture—made iron tools and weapons
West African Iron Age

Djenne-Djeno
• From 600-200 B.C., cities began to
develop near rivers and oases
• Djenne-Djeno, Africa’s oldest known
city, was discovered in 1977.
• It was a bustling trade center that was
linked to other West African towns
through camel trade routes.
The Rise of Islam
Chapter 10, Section 1
Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

The Arabian Peninsula
• A crossroads of three continents: Africa,
Asia, Europe.
• Mostly desert with a small amount of
fertile land
Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

Desert and Town Life
• Bedouins, Arab nomads, thrive in the
desert.
• Bedouins live in clans, which give
support to members.
• Some Arabs settle near oases or market
towns.
Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
• Many sea and land trade routes pass
through Arabia.
• Trade extends to the Byzantine and
Sassanid empires to the north.
Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

Mecca
• Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at
the Ka’aba, and ancient shrine.
• Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew
prophet Abraham and monotheism.
• Some tribes worship many gods and
spirits, and bring idols to Ka’aba.
• Some Arabs believe in one God—Allah in
Arabic
The Prophet Muhammad

Early Life
• Around A.D. 570 Muhammad is born
into a powerful Meccan clan.
• He becomes a trader, and marries a
wealthy businesswoman, Khadijah.
The Prophet Muhammad

Revelations
• By age 40, Muhammad spends much
time in prayer and meditation
• He claims to hear the angel Gabriel tell
him he is a messenger of Allah.
• Muhammad found the religion of
Islam—meaning “submission to the will
of Allah”
• Many join him and become Muslim—
meaning “one who has submitted.”
The Prophet Muhammad

The Hijrah
• Muhammad’s followers are attacked;
together they leave Mecca in 622.
• Hijrah was the Muslim migration from
Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina).
The Prophet Muhammad

The Hijrah (continued)
• Muhammad attracts many more
followers and becomes a great leader.
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Political leader—joins Jews and Arabs of
Medina in a single community.
Religious leader—draws more converts to
Islam.
Military leader—tackles growing hostilities
between Mecca and Medina
The Prophet Muhammad

Returning to Mecca
• In 630, Muhammad and 10,000
followers return to Mecca
• Meccan leaders surrender.
• Muhammad destroys idols in the Ka’aba.
• Meccans convert to Islam.
• Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula.
The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

Islam
• The main teaching of Islam is that there is only
one god, Allah.
• People are responsible for their own actions;
there is good and evil.
• Islamic monument in Jerusalem—Dome of the
Rock.
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It is the oldest existing Islamic building in the world.
Muslims believe Muhammad rose to heaven here to
learn Allah’s will.
Jews believe Abraham was prepared to sacrifice son
Isaac at that same site.
The Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
Exterior detail
of the Dome
of the Rock
Dome of the Rock
viewed through
the Old City’s
“Cotton Gate”.
Panoramic view of Jerusalem with the
Dome of the Rock visible.
ISLAM
The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

The Five Pillars: Muslims must carry out
these five duties.
• Statement of Faith to Allah and to Muhammad
as his prophet.
• Prayer five times a day. Muslims may use the
mosque for this (an Islamic house of worship).
• Giving alms, or money for the poor.
• Fasting between dawn and sunset during the
holy month of Ramadan.
• Performing the hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca—at
least once in a lifetime.
The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

A Way of Life
• Customs and traditions of Islam guide
Muslim’s lives.
• A scholar class, ulama, are teachers
who apply religion to life. There are no
priests.
The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

Sources of Authority
• Original source of authority for Muslims
is Allah.
• Qur’an (Koran)—holy book, contains
revelations Muhammad claims to have
received from Allah.
• Muslims follow Sunna—Muhammad’s
example for proper living.
• Guidance of the Qur’an and Sunna are
assembled in a body of law called
shari’a.
The first verses of
the first Sura AlFatiha (meaning
“The Opener”) from
the Qur’an done in
beautiful calligraphy
and geometric art.
Beautifully decorated Qur’an
cover.
Interlinear edition of the Qur’an with a Persian translation
underneath.
The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

Links to Judaism and Christianity
• Muslims believe Allah is the same God
worshiped by Christians and Jews.
• Muslims believe the Qur’an, Gospels, and
Torah contain God’s will as revealed through
others.
• Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots
to Abraham.
• All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and
a day of judgment.
• Shari’a law requires Muslim leaders to extend
religious tolerance.
10.2 Islam Expands
In spite of internal
conflicts, the
Muslims create a
huge empire that
includes land on
three continents.
Vocabulary
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caliph Highest political and religious
leader in a Muslim government
Umayyads Dynasty that ruled the
Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 to 750
Shi’a Branch of Islam whose
members believe the first four
caliphs are the rightful successors of
Muhammad
Sunni Branch of Islam whose
members believe Ali and his
descendants are the rightful
successors of Muhammad
Vocabulary



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Sufi Muslim who tries to achieve
direct contact with God
Abbasids Dynasty that ruled much
of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750
to 1258
al-Andalus Muslim-ruled area in
what is now Spain
Fatimid Member of a Muslim
dynasty that traced its ancestry to
Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

A New Leader
• In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect
Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.
• Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means
“successor” or “deputy.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

“Rightly Guided” Caliphs
• The first four caliphs are guided by the
Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.
• Jihad—an armed struggle against
unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.
• Muslims control all of Arabia, and
armies conquer Syria and lower Egypt.
• By 750, the Muslim empire stretches
from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus
River.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Reasons for Success
• Muslim armies are well disciplined and
expertly commanded.
• Byzantine and Sassanid empires are
weak from previous conflict.
• Persecuted citizens of these empires
welcome Islam.
• People are attracted to Islam’s offer of
equality and hope.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Treatment of Conquered Peoples
• Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.
• Christians and Jews receive special
consideration as “people of the book.”
From 632 to
750, highly
mobile troops
mounted on
camels were
successful in
conquering lands
in the name of
Allah.
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Rise of the Umayyads
• Struggles for power end the elective
system of choosing a caliph
• A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take
power and move the capital to
Damascus.
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Sunni—Shi’a Split
• Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph
should be a descendant of Muhammad.
• Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s
example—supported the Umayyads.
• Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and
spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.
• In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—
topple the Umayyads.
Control Extends Over Three-Continents

Fall of the Umayyads
• Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one
prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman
• He flees to Spain and establishes the
Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.
• al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern
Spain settled by North Africans.
Control Extends Over Three-Continents

Abbasids Consolidate Power
• In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital
from Damascus to Bagdad.
• Location provides access to trade goods,
gold, and information.
• Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy
to manage empire.
Control Extends Over Three-Continents

Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
• Independent Muslim states spring up;
Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate
• Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from
Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.
• The Fatimid caliphate begins in North
Africa and spreads to the Red Sea,
western Arabia, and Syria.
Control Extends Over Three-Continents

Muslim Trade Network
• Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia
and Europe
• Muslim merchants use Arabic, single
currency, and checks.
• Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling
center of Muslim cutlure.
11.1 The Byzantine
Empire
After Rome split, the Eastern
Empire, known as Byzantium,
flourishes for a thousand years.
A New Rome in a New Setting

The Eastern Roman Empire
• Roman Empire officially divides into East and
West in 395.
• Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as
Byzantium
• Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in
527.
• His armies reconquer much of the former
Roman territory.
• Byzantine emperors head state and church,
use brutal politics
Life in the New Rome

New Laws for the Empire
• Justinian seeks to revise and update
laws for governing the empire
• Justinian Code—new set of laws
consisting of four main parts
• Code regulates much of Byzantine life;
lasts for 900 years.

Creating the Imperial Capital
• Justinian launches a program to
beautify the capital, Constantinople.
• Constructs new buildings; builds
magnificent church, Hagia Sophia.
• Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman
culture and learning.

Constantine’s Hectic Pace
• City becomes trading hub with major
marketplace.
• Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races
and other entertainment.
• Racing fans start riots in 532; the
government restores order violently.
• Empress Theodora is the powerful wife
and adviser to Justinian.
The Empire Falls

Years of Turmoil
• Justinian dies in 565; the empire faces
many crises after his death.

Attacks from East and West
• Byzantium faces attacks from many
different groups.
• Empire survives through bribery,
diplomacy, and military power.
• Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an
end to the Byzantine Empire.
The Church Divides

A Religious Split
• Christianity develops differently in Eastern and
Western Roman Empires.
• Two churches disagree over many issues,
including the use of icons.
• Icons are two-dimensional religious images
used to aid in prayer.
• Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity is known
as a Patriarch.
• In the West, the pope excommunicates the
emperor, banishing him from the church over
the iconoclast controversy.
The Primary Causes of the East-West
Schism of 1054*
Cause
Eastern Church
Western Church
POLITICAL RIVALRY
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire
CLAIMS OF PAPACY
Patriarch of Constantinople was
considered second in primacy to
the bishop of Rome.
Bishop of Rome claimed
supremacy over entire
church.
THEOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Stagnated after Council of
Chalcedon.
Continued to change and
grow through controversies
and expansion.
FILIOQUE
CONTROVERSEY
Declared that the Holy Spirit
proceeds from the Father.
Declared that the Holy
Spirit proceeds from the
Father and the Son.
ICONOCLASTIC
CONTROVERSY
Engaged in 120-year dispute
over the use of icons in
worship; finally concluded they
could be used (statues
prohibited).
Made constant attempts to
interfere in what was purely
an Eastern dispute (statues
permitted).
*from Robert C. Walton. Chronological and Background
Charts of Church History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.
The Primary Causes of the East-West
Schism of 1054*
Cause
Eastern Church
Western Church
DIFFERENCES IN
LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE
Greek/Oriental
Latin/Occidental
CLERICAL
CELIBACY
Lower clergy were
permitted to marry.
All clergy were
required to be celibate.
OUTSIDE
PRESSURES
Muslims constricted and
put continual pressure on
Eastern Church.
Western Barbarians
were Christianized and
assimilated by Western
church.
MUTUAL
EXCOMMUNICATIO
N OF 1054
Michael Cerularius
anathematized Pope Leo
IX after having been
excommunicated by him.
Leo IX
excommunicated
Patriarch Michael
Cerularius of
Constantinople.
*from Robert C. Walton. Chronological and Background
Charts of Church History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.
Four Original Provinces within Christianity
Recognized by the Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.)
Rome
Antioch
Alexandria
Jerusalem
In 325, the Council of Nicaea recognized only four major jurisdictions within the church. Due to the Jewish revolts
of the 1st and 2nd Centuries, a shift in the influence of Christianity had taken place away from Jerusalem. Antioch
and Alexandria became major jurisdictions, but because of conflicting schools of interpretation and theology often
disputed with one another. After its founding by Constantine, Constantinople was rising in importance and later its
Patriarch also disputed with Alexandria over theology (e.g. Nestorius who held to the Nestorian heresy of a twoperson Christology). Rome, being the original seat of the Roman Empire was given Primacy as “first among equals.”
This meant that the opinion of the pope of Rome was canvassed in theological disputes. He was given some
jurisdiction outside of Rome, but it did not mean he had jurisdiction over the other three provinces. It was implied
that the distance of Rome from the other provinces gave the Pope some level of impartiality as to theological
“Pentarchy”: Five Provinces Recognized
by the Council of Chalcedon (451 C.E.)
Constantinople
Rome
Antioch
Alexandria
Jerusalem
In 381 the Council of Constantinople elevated Constantinople to a Patriarchate (major
province) because the seat of the Roman government was moved there. Constantine
had called Constantinople “Nova Roma” (New Rome). Theodosius the Great, who died
in 395, was the last emperor to rule a unified Roman Empire. In 410 Germanic tribes
(Visogoths) had sacked Rome, and by the middle of the 5th century the western Roman
Empire had fallen. In 451 the Council of Chalcedon—which settled the Christological
Eastern Orthodox View of the Equality of
Patriarchs
Patriarch of
Rome
“primacy”
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
Patriarch of
Alexandria
Patriarch
of Antioch
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
First Among
Equals
“First among equals” merely meant that the Pope’s opinion was the one
that was asked first. As noted above, the distance of Rome from the east
could imply impartiality. But the Eastern Orthodox did not hold that the
Pope’s opinion was law for the entire Church. In the ancient “pentarchy”
(the five “sees” listed below) he would preside as the “chair” in an
ecumenical council. This did not give him any authority over other
jurisdictions however.
Roman Catholic View
of “Papal Supremacy”
Pope of
Rome
Supreme
above other
provinces
Patriarch
of
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
Alexandria
Patriarch
of
Antioch
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
Effect of Islamic Conquests
Constantinople
Rome
Antioch
Alexandria
Jerusalem
The Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th Centuries effectively eliminate any influence of
the patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria in the Christian world.
Constantinople had already been given second place in “primacy” to Rome, therefore
the two main “rival” patriarchates are Rome and Constantinople. This sets up the
political conflict that was to come and be exacerbated by the linguistic, liturgical, and
theological differences between Rome and Constantinople.
Linguistic Disunity

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
West—dominant language Latin
East—dominant language Greek
Decline in bilingualism after the fall
of the western empire
Linguistic disunity develops into
cultural disunity
• Different religious rites and liturgy
develop
• Different approaches to Christian
doctrine emerge
Papal Supremacy and the
Nicene Creed



Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four
eastern patriarchs.
The Pope in 1014 inserted the “Filioque clause” (the
words “and the son” in regards to the procession of
the Holy Spirit) into the Latin version of the Nicene
Creed. (This was not allowed by the Roman church in
the Greek version). Leo IX asserted the papacy’s right
to do so. The Eastern Orthodox believed this to be a
violation of the 7th canon of the Council of Ephesus,
and viewed this clause as a western innovation and
heresy.
The Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28th Canon
of the Council of Chalcedon established the equality of
the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, therefore,
the Roman pontiff could not claim authority over
Constantinople.
Iconoclast Controversy



The Byzantine Emperor Leo III outlawed the veneration
of icons in the 8th century. Some believe this to be a result
of the pressures of Islam. Those who were against the use
of icons in the church were called “iconoclasts.” The first
period of iconoclasm occurred from 730-787 C.E. A second
period of iconoclasm occurred from 814-842 C.E.
Arguments usually surrounded the understanding of how to
depict the two natures of Jesus Christ in Christian
theological teaching. “Iconodules” (supporters of the use
of icons) believed that to disallow depicting Jesus
artistically denied the incarnation.
The western church rejected iconoclasm. However, icons,
which are generally two dimensional works of art were
generally not used. Instead, statues were allowed in the
western church .
Different Church/State Relations
• Caesaropapism in the east subordinated
the church to the religious claims of the
dominant political state. In the Byzantine
Empire, the emperor had supreme
authority over the church.
• In the west the church was relatively
independent of the state due to the fall of
the western empire and a lack of imperial
authority. Later, when strong kingdoms
emerge in Western Europe, the
investiture controversy surfaces
creating church/state conflicts.
• Pope and patriarch excommunicate each
other over religious doctrines and
disputes over jurisdiction.
• Eastern and Western churches officially
split in 1054.
• West—Roman Catholic Church
• East—Orthodox Church

Byzantine Missionaries Convert the
Slavs
• Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to
convert the northern peoples known as
the Slavs.
• Missionaries create the Cyrillic
alphabet—the basis for many Slavic
languages.
• Alphabet enables many groups to read
the Bible.