• Dialectics
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Interpersonal communication - Relational dialectics theory
Now, taking the term discourse and
coupling it with Relational Dialectics
Theory, it is assumed that this theory
“emerges from the interplay of competing
discourses”.Baxter, L., Braithwaite, D
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Interpersonal communication - Relational dialectics theory
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So, if we assume the stance that all of
our discourse, whether in external
conversations or internally within
ourselves, has competing properties,
then we can take relational dialectics
theory and look at what the competing
discourses are in our conversations,
and then analyze how this may have
an effect on various aspects of our
lives.
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Interpersonal communication - Relational dialectics theory
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Numerous examples of this can be seen
in the daily communicative acts we
participate in. However, dialectical
tensions within our discourses can most
likely be seen in interpersonal
communication due to the close nature of
interpersonal relationships. The well
known proverb opposites attract, but
Birds of a feather flock together
exemplifies these dialectical
tensions.Baxter, L., Montgomery, B.
(1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics.
New York City: Guilford Press.
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Interpersonal communication - The three relational dialectics
In order to understand relational
dialectics theory, one must also be
aware of the assumption that there are
three different types of relational
dialectics. These consist of
connectedness and separateness,
certainty and uncertainty, and
openness and closedness.
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Dialectical materialism - Marx's dialectics
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But he then criticizes Hegel for turning
dialectics upside down: With him it is
standing on its head
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Dialectical materialism - Marx's dialectics
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Marx believed that dialectics should deal
not with the mental world of ideas but with
the material world, the world of production
and other economic activity
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Dialectical materialism - Marx's dialectics
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For Marx, dialectics is not a formula for
generating predetermined outcomes,
but is a method for the empirical study
of social processes in terms of
interrelations, development, and
transformation
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Dialectical materialism - Marx's dialectics
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Some scholars have doubted that Engels’
dialectics of nature is a legitimate
extension of Marx’s approach to social
processes.Jordan (1967).Alfred Schmidt,
The Concept of Nature in Marx (London:
NLB, 1971).Paul Thomas, “Marx and
Science”, Political Studies 24 (1976), 123.Terrell Carver, Engels: A Very Short
Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2003)
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Dialectical materialism - Engels' laws of dialectics
Engels postulated three laws of
dialectics from his reading of Hegel's
Science of Logic.Engels, F. (7th ed.,
1973). Dialectics of nature (Translator,
Clements Dutt). New York:
International Publishers. (Original
work published 1940). See also
[http://marxists.org/archive/marx/w
orks/1883/don/index.htm Dialectics
of Nature] Engels elucidated these
laws in his work Dialectics of Nature:
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Dialectical materialism - Engels' laws of dialectics
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Lenin's Collected Works
VOLUME 38, p359: On the
question of dialectics
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Dialectical materialism - Engels' laws of dialectics
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Hegel coined the term to avoid saying synthesis,
and to thereby help conceal his hidden dialectics
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Frankfurt School - Negative dialectics
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This led to the attempt to root the dialectic
in an absolute method of negativity, as in
Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man (1964)
and Adorno's Negative Dialectics (1966)
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Frankfurt School - Negative dialectics
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Negative dialectics expresses the idea
of critical thought so conceived that
the apparatus of domination cannot
co-opt it.
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Frankfurt School - Negative dialectics
Negative Dialectics rescues the
preponderance of the object, not
through a naive Epistemological
realism|epistemological or
Philosophical realism|metaphysical
realism but through a thought based
on differentiation
(sociology)|differentiation, paradox,
and ruse: a logic of disintegration
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Frankfurt School - Negative dialectics
Negative dialectics comprises a
monument to the end of the tradition of the
individual subject as the locus of criticism.
Without a revolutionary working class, the
Frankfurt School had no one to rely on but
the individual subject. But, as the
liberalism|liberal capitalist social basis of
the autonomous individual receded into
the past, the dialectic based on it became
more and more abstract.
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Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics
In the USSR, under Joseph Stalin,
Marxist dialectics became diamat
(short for dialectical materialism), a
theory emphasizing the primacy of
the material way of life, social praxis,
over all forms of social consciousness
and the secondary, dependent
character of the ideal
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Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics
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A dialectical method was fundamental to
Marxist politics, e.g., the works of Karl
Korsch, Georg Lukács and certain
members of the Frankfurt School. Soviet
academics, notably Evald Ilyenkov and
Zaid Orudzhev, continued pursuing
unorthodox philosophic study of Marxist
dialectics; likewise in the West, notably the
philosopher Bertell Ollman at New York
University.
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Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics
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In Dialectics of Nature, Engels
said:
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Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics
Marxist dialectics is exemplified in Das
Kapital (Capital), which outlines two
central theories: (i) surplus value and (ii)
the materialist conception of history; Marx
explains dialectical materialism:
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Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics
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Hence, philosophic contradiction is
central to the development of
dialectics — the progress from
quantity to quality, the acceleration of
gradual social change; the negation of
the initial development of the status
quo; the negation of that negation; and
the high-level recurrence of features
of the original status quo
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Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics
In practice, Marxist dialectics was
frequently used as a tool of eristic and
propaganda. In 1857 Marx explained
that in a letter to Engels, commenting
on his predictions published in New
York Times:
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Dialectics of Nature
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'Dialectics of Nature' is an unfinished 1883
work by Friedrich Engels that applies
Marxist ideas, and in particular the
principles of Dialectical Materialism, to
science.
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Dialectics of Nature
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One 'law' proposed in the Dialectics of
Nature, is: 'The law of the
transformation of quantity into quality
and vice versa'
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Dialectics of Nature
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Dialectics and its study was derived
from Hegel who had studied the Greek
philosopher Heraclitus. Heraclitus
taught that everything was constantly
changing and that all things consisted
of two opposite elements which
changed into each other as night
changes into day, light into darkness,
life into death etc.
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Dialectics
'Dialectic' (also dialectics and the
dialectical method) is a method of
argument for resolving disagreement that
has been central to European and Indian
philosophy since antiquity
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Dialectics
The term dialectics is also not
synonymous with the term rhetoric, a
method or art of discourse that seeks
to persuade, inform, or motivate an
audience
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Dialectics
These forms include the Socratic
method, Hindu, Upaya|Buddhist,
Medieval, Hegelian dialectics,
Marxist, pilpul|Talmudic, and Neoorthodoxy.
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Argumentation theory - Pragma-dialectics
Scholars at the University of
Amsterdam in the Netherlands have
pioneered a rigorous modern version of
dialectic under the name pragmadialectics. The intuitive idea is to
formulate clearcut rules that, if
followed, will yield rational discussion
and sound conclusions. Frans H. van
Eemeren, the late Rob Grootendorst,
and many of their students have
produced a large body of work
expounding this idea.
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Argumentation theory - Pragma-dialectics
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Albeit not primarily focused on fallacies,
pragma-dialectics provides a systematic
approach to deal with them in a coherent
way.
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Pragma-dialectics
Unlike strictly logical approaches
(which focus on the study of argument
as product), or purely communication
approaches (which emphasize
argument as a process), pragmadialectics was developed to study the
entirety of an argumentation as a
discourse activity
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Pragma-dialectics - Theoretical justification
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In pragma-dialectics argumentation
is viewed as a communicative and
interactional discourse phenomenon
that is to be studied from a normative
as well as a descriptive perspective.
The dialectical dimension is inspired
by normative insights from “critical
rationalism” and formal dialectics,
the pragmatic dimension by
descriptive insights from speech act
theory, Paul Grice|Gricean language
philosophy and discourse analysis.
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Relational dialectics
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Relating: Dialogues and
dialectics
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Relational dialectics
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Although Baxter’s description of Relational
Dialectics is thorough, it by no means is
exact or all inclusive since we all
experience different tensions in different
ways.
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Relational dialectics - History
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Relational Dialectics is the emotional and
value-based version of the philosophical
Dialectic. It is rooted in the dynamism of
the Yin and Yang. Like the classic Yin and
Yang, the balance of emotional values in a
relationship is always in motion, and any
value pushed to its extreme contains the
seed of its opposite.Baxter, L. A.
Montgomery, B. M. (1996) Relating:
Dialogues and dialectics Guilford Press,
New York, ISBN 1-57230-099-X ;
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Relational dialectics - Core concepts
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There are four main concepts that form the
backdrop of relational dialectics, they are:
contradiction, totality, process, and praxis.
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Relational dialectics - Core concepts
'Contradictions' are the core concept of
Relational Dialectics. It is the dynamic
interplay between unified oppositions. A
contradiction is formed whenever two
tendencies or forces are interdependent
(unity) yet mutually negate one another
(negation).Miller, Katherine (2002)
Communication theories: perspectives,
processes, and contexts McGraw Hill,
Boston, ISBN 0-7674-0500-5 ; For example,
in a relationship one can simultaneously
desire intimacy and distance.
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Relational dialectics - Core concepts
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'Totality' suggests that contradictions
in a relationship are part of a unified
whole and cannot be understood in
isolation. In other words, the dialectics
cannot be separated and are
intrinsically related to each other. For
example, the tension between
dependence and interdependence
cannot be separated from the tension
between openness and privacy — both
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Relational dialectics - Core concepts
'Process 'Relational dialectics must be
understood in terms of social 'processes'.
Movement, activity, and change are
functional properties (Rawlins,1989). For
example, instances such as an individual
fluctuating between disclosure and
secretiveness. In addition, the individual
may move between periods of honest and
open communication (Miller, 2002, 2005).
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Relational dialectics - Dialectics
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'Integration–separation' is a class of
relational dialectics that includes
connection–autonomy, inclusion–
seclusion, and intimacy–
independence. Some individual
autonomy must be given up to connect
to others.
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Relational dialectics - Dialectics
'Stability–change' is a class of
relational dialectics that includes
certainty–uncertainty, conventionally–
uniqueness, predictability–surprise,
and routine–novelty. Things must be
consistent but not mundane. There
must be a balance between the
expected and unexpected in order to
keep a relationship.
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Relational dialectics - Dialectics
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'Expression–nonexpression' is a class of
relational dialectics that includes
openness–closedness, revelation–
concealment, candor–secrecy, and
transparency–privacy. In a relationship, it
is important to keep some things between
the two parties, while other parts of the
relationship are okay to allow the public to
know about.
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Relational dialectics - Dialectics in relationships
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Conflict and dialectics: Perceptions of dialectic
contradictions in marital conflict
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Relational dialectics - Dialectics in relationships
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Within this, three different forms of
the praxis of Relational Dialectics
emerged: segmentation, balance, and
denial
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Relational dialectics - Dialectics in relationships
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William Rawlins has examined the role of
Relational Dialectics in regard to friendships
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Negative Dialectics - Influence
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Adorno's work has had a large impact on
cultural criticism, particularly through
Adorno's analysis of popular culture and
the culture industry. Adorno's account of
dialectics has influenced Joel Kovel and
John Holloway (sociologist)|John
Holloway.John Holloway. Negativity and
Revolution: Adorno and Political Activism
(2008) ISBN 978-0-7453-2836-2, ed. with
Fernando Matamoros Sergio Tischler
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Negative Dialectics - Further reading
* Dennis Redmond's
[http://www.efn.org/~dredmond/ndtrans.ht
ml updated translation] of Negative
Dialectics, with commentary.
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Negative Dialectics - Further reading
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* Susan Buck-Morss|Buck-Morss, Susan. Origin of
Negative Dialectics. Free Press, 1979.
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