¡Bienvenidos!
Español III
El 8 de septiembre
2014
Repaso
Realidades 2- Para Empezar
TAREA
homework is
located at the bottom of this
site
Conocer
Conozco
Conoces
Conoce
Conocemos
Conocéis
Conocen
Conocer to know a person
SABER
Sé
Sabes
Sabe
Sabemos
Sabéis
saben
to be very familiar with...
Stem changing verbs I
Stem-changing verbs change more than just the endings
when you conjugate them. The vowel in the stem (the
part of the verb left when you remove the -ar, -er and ir endings) will change in these particular verbs from a
single vowel to a double vowel, or from one vowel to
another.
However, these verbs do not stem-change in the
nosotros form (Think "no!" for NOsotros!) This is why
stem-changing verbs often are refered to as "Boot" or
"Shoe" verbs. When we draw a box around the stemchanged conjugations, we duck under Nosotros (because
it doesn't change) which makes a boot-type shape. When
stem-changing, NOsotros is NOrmal!
The first category is the e-->ie stem-changers. We have seen one
example with the verb Tener.
Verbs that change like Tener are called e-->ie stem-changers because the
"e" in the stem changes to "ie".
Gumby tiene un caballo.
Gumby has one horse.
Nosotros tenemos tres perros y un
caballo.
We have three dogs and a horse.
Another example of an e-->ie stem-changer is Querer. Other e-->ie stemchangers include Preferir, Entender, Venir and Pensar (click for more
on Pensar.)
The second category is the o--> ue stem-changers. A good example of
this type of stem-changer is Almorzar.
Almuerzo con mis amigos.
I eat lunch with my friends.
Almorzamos en la cafetería.
We eat lunch in the cafeteria.
Dormir and Poder are two other examples.
Included in this category is the unique verb Jugar. It falls under the O->ue stem-changer classification since the verb's original form was Jogar.
Vershara juega al golf.
Vershara plays golf.
Jugamos los sábados.
We play on Saturdays.
The last category is the e-->i stem-changers, like Pedir . This e-->i
change occurs only in "Ir" verbs
Pido un bolígrafo.
I ask for a pen.
Pedimos más café.
We ask for more coffee.
Other examples are Decir [to say or tell], Repetir [to Repeat], and Servir
[to serve].
Which vowel changes in a stem-changing verb?
First we want to start the conjugation process as we normally would: we
remove the last two letters (-Ar, -Er or -Ir.) Then, if the verb is a stemchanger, the very next vowel to the left will be the one that changes:
Entender -----> Entend (-er) ---> Entend- ---> EntiendPreferir ------> Prefer (-ir) ----> Prefer- ----> PrefierYou can use this rule to identify verbs which cannot be stem-changers
since only the vowels "E" and "O" can stem-change:
Decidir (the next vowel after the ending is removed is an "i" which cannot
change)
Stem changing verbs II
Spanish
Title:
PRESENT TENSE: stem-changing verbs
1. ALMORZAR :
to have lunch
2. CERRAR :
to close
yo:
almuerzo
nosotros: almorzamos
yo:
cierro
nosotros: cerramos
tú:
almuerzas vosotros: almorzáis
tú:
cierras
vosotros: cerráis
ella: almuerza
ellos:
almuerzan
ella: cierra
ellos:
cierran
3. COMENZAR : to begin
4. CONFESAR : to confess
yo:
comienzo
yo:
confieso
tú:
comienzas vosotros: comenzáis
tú:
confiesas vosotros: confesáis
nosotros: comenzamos
nosotros: confesamos
ella: comienza
ellos:
5. CONTAR :
yo:
tú:
comienzan
ella: confiesa
ellos:
to count
6. COSTAR :
to cost
cuento
nosotros: contamos
yo:
cuesto
nosotros: costamos
cuentas
vosotros: contáis
tú:
cuestas
vosotros: costáis
ella: cuenta
ellos:
ella: cuesta
7. DEFENDER :
to defend
8. DEVOLVER : to give back
yo:
defiendo
nosotros: defendemos
yo:
devuelvo
tú:
defiendes vosotros: defendéis
tú:
devuelves vosotros: devolvéis
cuentan
nosotros: devolvemos
ellos:
9. DORMIR :
to sleep
10. EMPEZAR : to begin
yo:
duermo
nosotros: dormimos
yo:
empiezo
tú:
duermes
vosotros: dormís
tú:
empiezas vosotros: empezáis
ellos:
ella: empieza
duermen
ellos:
devuelven
nosotros: empezamos
ellos:
empiezan
12. ENTENDER
to understand
:
11. ENCONTRAR
to find
:
yo:
encuentro nosotros: encontramos
tú:
encuentras vosotros: encontráis
ella: encuentra ellos:
ella: devuelve
cuestan
ella: defiende
ella: duerme
defienden
ellos:
confiesan
encuentran
yo:
entiendo nosotros: entendemos
tú:
entiendes vosotros: entendéis
ella: entiende ellos:
Entienden
13. JUGAR :
to play
14. MEDIR :
to measure
yo:
juego
nosotros: jugamos
yo:
mido
nosotros: medimos
tú:
juegas
vosotros: jugáis
tú:
mides
vosotros: medís
ella: juega
ellos:
15. MORIR :
to die
16. MOSTRAR : to show
yo:
muero
nosotros: morimos
yo:
muestro
nosotros: mostramos
tú:
mueres
vosotros: morís
tú:
muestras
vosotros: mostráis
ellos:
ella: muestra
ellos:
ella: muere
juegan
mueren
ella: mide
ellos:
miden
muestran
17. PEDIR :
to ask for, request
18. PENSAR :
to think
yo:
pido
nosotros: pedimos
yo:
pienso
nosotros: pensamos
tú:
pides
vosotros: pedís
tú:
piensas
vosotros: pensáis
ellos:
ella: piensa
ellos:
ella: pide
piden
piensan
19. PERDER :
to lose
20. PODER :
to be able to
yo:
pierdo
nosotros: perdemos
yo:
puedo
nosotros: podemos
tú:
pierdes
vosotros: perdéis
tú:
puedes
vosotros: podéis
ella: pierde
ellos:
ella: puede
ellos:
21. PREFERIR :
to prefer
22. QUERER :
to want
yo:
prefiero
nosotros: preferimos
yo:
quiero
nosotros: queremos
tú:
prefieres
vosotros: preferís
tú:
quieres
vosotros: queréis
ellos:
ella: quiere
ellos:
23. RECORDAR : to remember
24. REFERIR :
to refer
yo:
recuerdo
nosotros: recordamos
yo:
refiero
nosotros: referimos
tú:
recuerdas
vosotros: recordáis
tú:
refieres
vosotros: referís
ellos:
ella: refiere
ella: prefiere
ella: recuerda
pierden
prefieren
recuerdan
ellos:
pueden
quieren
refieren
25. REPETIR :
to repeat
26. RESOLVER : to resolve
yo:
repito
nosotros: repetimos
yo:
resuelvo
tú:
repites
vosotros: repetís
tú:
resuelves vosotros: resolvéis
ella: repite
ellos:
ella: resuelve
27. SENTIR :
to feel
28. SERVIR :
to serve
yo:
siento
nosotros: sentimos
yo:
sirvo
nosotros: servimos
tú:
sientes
vosotros: sentís
tú:
sirves
vosotros: servís
ella: siente
ellos:
ella: sirve
ellos:
29. SONAR :
to sound
30. VOLAR :
to fly
yo:
sueno
nosotros: sonamos
yo:
vuelo
nosotros: volamos
tú:
suenas
vosotros: sonáis
tú:
vuelas
vosotros: voláis
ella: suena
ellos:
ella: vuela
31. VOLVER :
to return
yo:
vuelvo
nosotros: volvemos
tú:
vuelves
vosotros: volvéis
ella: vuelve
ellos:
repiten
sienten
suenan
vuelven
nosotros: resolvemos
ellos:
ellos:
resuelven
sirven
vuelan
Spanish Adjectives: Part I
Adjectives are frequently descriptive. That is, most often adjectives are
used to describe a noun, or distinguish the noun from a group of similar
objects. For example, an adjective might describe the color of an object.
the red pen
the blue pen
In Spanish, most adjectives change form, depending upon whether the
word they modify is masculine or feminine. Notice the difference
between "the tall boy" and "the tall girl."
el chico alto
la chica alta
Adjectives also change form depending upon whether the word they
modify is singular or plural. Notice the difference between "the tall boy"
and "the tall boys" ; "the tall girl" and "the tall girls."
el chico alto
los chicos altos
la chica alta
las chicas altas
Many common adjectives end in -o. These adjectives have four forms.
The following words all mean "tall":
alto
alta
altos
altas
The correct form of the adjective depends upon the noun it modifies. Is
the noun masculine or feminine? Singular or plural?
libro rojo
red book
pluma roja
red pen
libros rojos
red books
plumas rojas
red pens
Notice how the endings of the nouns and these adjectives are similar.
libro rojo
pluma roja
libros rojos
plumas rojas
Adjectives that end in -e also change form for singular or plural. To
form the plural, simply add -s.
la chica inteligente
las chicas inteligentes
Adjectives that end in -e do not, however, change form for masculine or
feminine.
la chica inteligente
el chico inteligente
las chicas inteligentes
los chicos inteligentes
Similarly, most adjectives that end in a consonant do change form for
singular or plural, but do not change for masculine or feminine. To form
the plural, add -es.
la chica popular
el chico popular
las chicas populares
los chicos populares
Adjectives: Part II
Many adjectives of nationality end in -o. These adjectives follow the
same rules as other adjectives ending in -o. That is, they have four
forms.
el muchacho mexicano
la muchacha mexicana
los muchachos mexicanos
las muchachas mexicanas
Many other adjectives of nationality end in a consonant. These
adjectives do not follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in a
consonant, rather, they have a distinct feminine form ending in -a.
el muchacho español
la muchacha española
los muchachos españoles
las muchachas españolas
There is another group of adjectives that does not follow the normal
rules. Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín also have a feminine
form.
el chico hablador
la chica habladora
los chicos habladores
las chicas habladoras
el hombre trabajador
la mujer trabajadora
los hombres trabajadores
las mujeres trabajadoras
Note: Adjectives ending in "-erior" do not have a feminine form.
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
el chico alto
la chica alta
los libros pequeños
las plumas rojas
Adjectives of quantity almost always come before the noun. Such
adjectives tell how much or how many.
pocos libros
mucha energía
mucho trabajo
pocas casas
Sometimes, a descriptive adjective can precede the noun. If the adjective
is descriptive, but speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken
for granted, the adjective comes first.
la blanca nieve
the white snow (snow is inherently white)
los altos picos
the tall peaks (peaks are inherently tall)
Let's review the last two lessons.
Adjectives that end in -o have four forms.
alto
alta
altos
altas
Adjectives of nationality ending in -o are no different from other such
adjectives.
guatemalteco
guatemalteca
guatemaltecos
guatemaltecas
Adjectives that end in -e have two forms.
inteligente
inteligentes
Most adjectives ending with a consonant have two forms.
popular
populares
Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms.
español
española
españoles
españolas
Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín have four forms.
hablador
habladora
habladores
habladoras
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
casa blanca
chica alta
When an adjective speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken
for granted, the adjective precedes the noun.
la blanca nieve
los altos picos
Adjectives of quantity usually come before the noun.
pocos libros
muchos libros
La Meta Aquí-
Los Verbos en repaso
A comenzar.....
Reminders:
1. Most present tense verb forms have several equivalents in English. For example, the form hablo
may be translated in numerous ways:
I speak
(customary action)
I am speaking
(action in progress)
hablo I do speak
I will speak
(emphatic form)
(near future action)
do I speak
(interrogative form)
I have been speaking (action started in the past but still in progrerss)
2. The subject pronouns that accompany these verbs are:
yo
singular
I
plural
nosotros, nosotras we
tú
you (familiar) vosotros, vosotras you all(familiar pl., Spain)
usted you (formal)
Ustedes (All of)
you
(formal)
él
he
ellos
they
(masculine or
mixed)
ella
she
ellas
they
(feminine)
3. The formal second-person forms (usted and ustedes) take third-person forms of a verb:
Ustedes hablan bien.
You (plural) speak very well.
Usted es norteamericana, no? You (sing.) are an American, right?
The formal study of the various moods and tenses of Spanish verbs will be be spread out over several
weeks of the semester, and the individual exercises will normally concentrate on the tense/mood being
studied. Nevertheless, it is assumed that you do already know all the tenses. Furthermore, you will
be required to produce many of the forms before their introduction, including subjunctive forms.
Present Indicative of Verbs - Review of Forms
A.
Regular verbs. To form the present indicative of regular verbs, drop the
infinitive ending (-ar, -er, or -ir) and add the endings given below:
-ar
-er
-ir
hablar (to speak)
comer (to eat)
vivir (to live)
hablo hablamos
como comemos
vivo vivimos
hablas habláis
comes coméis
vives vivís
habla hablan
come comen
vive viven
B. In the above examples, note that the endings for the -er and -ir verbs are
identical except for the nosotros and vosotros forms.
C.
Stem changing verbs. These verbs are also referred to
as “radical changing verbs”; the word radical in Spanish means “stem” or
“root”. The stem vowel undergoes a change when it is stressed in the
present tense. [These verbs do not so change in any other tense —except
for -ir verbs, which experience a stem change in the -ndo form, in the
present subjunctive and in the preterit.]
1. o > ue (the stem vowel o changes to ue when stressed)
acostar (put to bed)
volver
(return, go
back)
dormir (sleep)
acuesto, acuestas, acuesta, acostamos,
acostáis, acuestan
vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volvéis,
vuelven
duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos,
dormís, duermen
2. Similar verbs: acordarse (remember), almorzar (eat lunch), apostar
(bet), contar (count, relate), costar (cost), encontrar (find), llover
(rain), morir (die), mover (move), oler (smell), poder (be able),
probar (try, prove), recordar (remember), rogar (beg), sonar
(sound), soñar (dream), volar (fly).
3. e > ie (the stem vowel e changes to ie when stressed):
empezar (begin)
empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos,
empezáis, empiezan
querer
(want) quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren
sentir
(feel)
siento, sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten
4. Similar verbs: advertir (notice), atravesar (cross), calentar (heat),
cerrar (close), comenzar (begin), convertir (convert), defender
(defend), despertar (awaken), divertir (amuse), empezar (begin),
gobernar (govern), herir (injure), pensar (think), perder (lose)
querer (want), sentir (feel, regret), tropezar (stumble).
5. e > i (the stem vowel e changes to i when stressed; -ir verbs only):
pedir (request, ask for) pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
6. Similar verbs: competir (compete), conseguir (get), corregir
(correct), derretir (melt), despedir (fire, say goodbye), elegir (elect),
medir (measure), reír (laugh), servir (serve), seguir (follow,
continue), sonreír (smile), repetir (repeat), vestir (dress).
7. u > ue (the stem vowel u changes to ue when stressed [in the verb
jugar only]):
jugar
(play [a game or
sport])
juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis,
juegan
D. Verbs with an irregular first person singular (yo) form. [Note that all of these verbs will also
have special forms for the present subjunctive, since present subjunctive forms are based on the
first person singular.]
1. c > zc in the yo form:
conocer (know, be aquainted with [people
or places])
conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos,
conocéis, conocen
2. This is the usual pattern for verbs whose infinitive ends in -cer or -cir: acontecer
(happen), agradecer (thank), amanecer (dawn), aparecer (appear), conducir (drive,
conduct), crecer (grow), enflaquecerse (get thin), enriquecerse (get rich), envejecerse
(get older), establecer (establish), merecer(deserve), nacer (be born), obedecer (obey),
ofrecer (offer), padecer (suffer), parecer (seem), permanecer (remain), producir
(produce), reducir (reduce), and traducir (translate).
3. appearance of g in the yo form:
caer
(fall)
caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen
traer (bring)
traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen
decir (say, tell)
*digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
hacer (do, make)
hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
poner (put, set)
pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen
salir
(leave, go out) salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen
tener (have)
*tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
valer (be worth)
valgo, vales, vale, valemos, valéis, valen
venir (come)
*vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen
4. *These are also stem changing verbs.
5. other types of yo form changes:
caber (fit [in something]) quepo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabéis, caben
dar
(give)
doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
saber (know [facts])
sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben
ver
veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven
(see)
E. Verbs which add an accent over a final weak vowel. The vowels i and u are “weak vowels” in
contrast to the “strong vowels” a, e, and o. When they come in contact with any other vowel
they normally form a diphthong; the addition of a written accent keeps this diphthonization
from occurring. Such accents are necessary for some verbs because the i and u are the stem
vowels:
continuar continúo, continúas, continúa, continuamos, continuáis, continúan
(“I continue, you continue”, etc. Note that the unaccented words continuo and
continua, are adjectives meaning “continuous”.)
enviar
envío, envías, envía, enviamos, enviáis, envían
(“I send, you send”, etc.)
F. Similar verbs: actuar (act), efectuar (bring about), graduar (graduate), confiar (trust), criar
(raise, bring up), esquiar (ski), vaciar (empty).
G. With most other verbs the i and u are not stem vowels, and thus form diphthongs:
copiar copio, copias, copia, copiamos, copiáis, copian
(forms of the verb “to copy”; the i is not stressed)
H. Similar verbs: anunciar (announce), apreciar (appreciate), asociar (associate), cambiar
(change), divorciar (divorce), ensuciar (dirty), estudiar (study), iniciar (initiate), limpiar
(clean), negociar (negociate), renunciar (renounce).
I. Verbs like huir. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -uir (but not -guir) insert a y in present tense
endings whenever the ending does not contain the sound “i”, that is, in all forms except for
nosotros and vosotros.
huir (flee) huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huís, huyen
J. Verbs conjugated like huir: construir (construct), contribuir, (contribute), disminuir,
(diminish), incluir (include), influir (influence).
K. Irregular verbs. The following verbs are completely irregular (usually because of the way they
evolved from Latin) or display characteristics so rare as to be considered “irregular” for our
purposes.
estar (to be) estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
ser
(to be) soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
ir
(go)
oler
(smell) huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelen
[Oler is a stem changing verb; however, no word can begin with ue in Spanish,
so an initial h is added.]
voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
L. Orthographic changes. Some verbs exhibit orthographic or spelling changes to maintain the
same pronunciation of the final stem consonant:
1. g > j: Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -gir change the g to j before an a or an o.
dirigir (direct) dirijo, diriges, dirige, dirigimos, dirigís, dirigen
elegir (elect) elijo, eliges, elige, elegimos, elegís, eligen
[Elegir is also a stem changing verb, where the e changes to i.]
2. More verbs in this category: corregir (correct), exigir (require), fingir (pretend), and
surgir (arise).
3. gu > g: Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -guir drop the u before an a or an o.
distinguir (distinguish) distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos...
4. Other verbs like this include seguir (follow, continue; e>i) and its compounds: conseguir
(get, obtain) and perseguir (pursue).
M. Invariable. There is one verb which never changes in the present tense. Hay (“there is”, “there
are”, from the infinitive haber) has only one form in the present indicative. The same form is
used for both singular and plural subjects (or complements):
Hay muchos españoles en tu clase?Are there many Spaniards in your class?
No, sólo hay uno.
No, there is only one.
N. Note: This carries over to the other tenses as well: it is only used in a singular form, even when
used with plural subjects/complements:
Había tres chicas en la esquina. There were three girls on the corner.
Hubo dos accidentes aquí ayer. There were 2 accidents here yesterday.
Usage of the present tense
Special case: The present tense with hacer in expressions of
time. As indicated at the beginning, the present tense is used to
indicate an action in progress, and this is true even if the action
began in past time but the emphasis is on the present time. This
is frequently seen with the hacer + expression of time
construction:
Hace un mes que busco una I've been looking for a new
casa nueva.
house for a month.
or:
Busco una casa nueva desde
hace un mes.
Note that if the hace clause may be used either before or after
the main verb; if used afterwards, desde is inserted before hace.
SER y Estar
Spanish Verb Ser – "To be"
In English we know the forms of the verb "to be" without thinking. I am. You are. We are. They
are. In Spanish, each verb changes to reflect the subject of the verb, as well as the tense (such as
present, past, or future). These changes are called conjugations.
Spanish Verb
Ser — Conjunctions
The following table shows the conjugations of the verb ser in the
present tense.
Singular Subject
Plural Subject
Yo (I)
Soy
Nosotros/as (we)
Tú (familiar you)
(Vos)
eres
Vosotros/as (familiar
you all)
sois
Ud., él, ella (polite
you, he, she)
es
Uds, ellos, ellas (all of
you, them)
son
Por ejemplo:

Yo soy de España
I am from Spain
Tú eres joven
somos
You are young
Ella es profesora
She is a teacher
Nosotros somos de Nueva Zelanda
We are from New Zealand
Ustedes son muy inteligentes
You are all very intelligent
Drop the Subject
Each conjugation is so precise that you usually don't need to include
a subject at all! In Spanish you can simply say
the verb:
• Soy de España
• Eres joven
• Somos de Nueva Zelanda
Spanish Verb Ser – Whose it is and where you're from
The word "de" is widely used with the verb ser. It means "of" when
used to indicate possession and "from" when used to indicate origin.
Por ejemplo:
¿De quién es el zapato?
Whose shoe is this? Literally: "Of whom is this shoe?"
El zapato es de Mateo
It is Matthew’s shoe. Literally: "The shoe is of Matthew."
Esos son los pasaportes de mis padres
Those are my parents' passports (Literally: Those are the passports of
my parents.)
¿De dónde es Eduardo?
Where does Edward come from? Literally: "From where is Edward?"
Eduardo es de España
Edward is from Spain
Talking about What You Do for a Living
The verb ser is used to describe occupation. Note that in Spanish you
will say, "She is professor" (Ella es profesora), NOT "She is a
professor" (Ella es una profesora). When talking about occupation,
you should not include either un or una.
Por ejemplo:

José es piloto de aviones
José is an airplane pilot
Yo soy actor
I am an actor.
Ellos son estudiantes
They are students
Be Careful with "To Be" Verbs
Unlike English, there are TWO verbs for "to be" in Spanish!
ESTAR
The Spanish Verb Estar
A couple of lessons ago, we worked on the basic use of the
verb “to be.” In this lesson we take a further look.
If you wanted to say, “I am sick,” or, “I am lost,” in Spanish,
you’d be mistaken to use the “to be” verb that you previously
learned, ser. “Ser” only describes permanent or nearly
permanent states, such as being married (casado) or being tall
(alto) or skinny (flaco).
The second “to be” verb in Spanish, estar, is used to describe
location, health, or any condition that is only temporary. In the
above example, you certainly don’t expect to be sick or lost
forever.
The verb “estar” has a straight-forward conjugation in the
present tense:
Present tense of ESTAR
estoy
Yo
estás
Tú
está
Ud., él, ella
estamos
Nosotros/as
estáis
Vosotros/as
Uds., ellos, ellas están
Note the placement of the accent marks as well. While está
can mean he or she is or you are, esta means “this,” as in esta
cosa or “this thing.” The accent marks, in addition to
indicating the correct pronunciation, distinguish completely
separate words.
0
Where am I?
The most common way of asking the
location of an object, person or place is:
¿Dónde está…?
This means, Where is…?
For example:
¿Dónde está el servicio? - Where is the bathroom?
¿Dónde está mi coche? - Where is my car?
¿Dónde está el hotel? - Where is the hotel?
If you want to understand the answer, you need to learn some
basic direction and location words.
Important Direction Words


For example:

Forming DEL from DE and EL
Remember that the word de means of? Except for adelante,
entre, and en, all the above direction words require de if they are
followed by an object. For example:
a la izquierda de la calle
principal to the left of the principal
street
delante de la tienda
in front of the shop
cerca del parque
near the park
al lado del museo
nacional
beside the national museum
Hint: The words “de” + “el” form the contraction “del.”
More examples:
1. ¿Dónde está el gato?
Where is the cat?
El gato está al lado del perro.
The cat is beside the dog.
2. ¿Dónde está el lápiz?
Where is the pencil?
El lápiz está a la derecha de
Maria.
The pencil is to Maria’s
right.
3. ¿Dónde está el servicio?
Where is the bathroom?
El servicio está cerca de la
oficina.
The bathroom is near the
office.
Coming up next is a review of what you’ve learned in this part
of the program.
How Do You Feel?
When you talk about how you feel—whether you be tired, sad,
or sick--you are usually talking about a temporary state.
Therefore, you should use the “to be” verb estar.
How do you ask others how they feel?
¿Cómo estoy?
Yo
Tú
Ud.
Nosotros/as
Vosotros/as
Uds.
Por ejemplo:

How am I?
How are you? (e.g.,
¿Cómo estás?
to a friend)
How are you? (e.g.,
¿Cómo está Ud?
to your boss)
¿Cómo estamos?
How are we?
How are you? (e.g.
¿Cómo estáis?
to a group of
friends)
How are you? (e.g.,
¿Cómo están Uds.? to a group of coworkers)
Ser y ESTAR
Ser
Ser and Estar: Part I
Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be." Here is the English verb,
fully conjugated:
to be
I am
you are
he/she is
we are
you-all are
they are
Notice that these two sentences can have different meanings in English.
The apple is green.
(Meaning the apple is not ripe.)
The apple is green.
(Meaning the color of the apple is green.)
In the first case, our example speaks of the condition of the apple. The
apple is green because it has not yet ripened. When the condition of the
apple changes, that is, when it has ripened, it will no longer be green, it
will be ripe.
In the second case, our example speaks of the essential characteristics
of the apple. The apple is green in color. This particular apple remains
green even after it has ripened.
In English, the verb "to be" can be used to tell how something is (the
condition) and what something is (the essence).
How is the apple?
It is unripe.
What color is the apple?
It is green.
In Spanish, a different verb is used to express "to be" depending on
whether the speaker intends to address a condition or an essential
quality.
La manzana está verde.
The apple is green. (condition)
La manzana es verde.
The apple is green. (essence)
Note how the adjective "verde" actually changes meaning, depending
upon whether it is used with ser or estar.
La manzana está verde.
(condition: verde = unripe)
La manzana es verde.
(essential characteristic: verde = color green)
To address condition, use estar. Estar is an irregular verb. It does not
follow the standard rules of conjugation for regular -ar verbs. Therefore,
you must memorize it.
estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
To address an essential quality, use ser. Ser is also irregular and must be
memorized.
ser
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
ESTAR
Ser and Estar:
Estar is used to express geographic or physical locations.
¿Dónde estás?
Where are you?
Estoy en el laboratorio.
I'm in the laboratory.
¿Dónde está Chile?
Where's Chile?
Chile está en América del Sur.
Chile is in South America.
Note: The one exception to this rule is that ser is used to tell
where an event is taking place. (La fiesta es en mi casa.)
Estar is used with adjectives to express a state or condition
("how" something is).
¿Cómo está la sopa?
How's the soup?
La sopa está fría.
The soup is cold.
¿Cómo estás tú?
How are you?
Estoy muy bien, gracias.
I am very well, thanks.
Estar is used with many idiomatic expressions. These are just a
few.
estar de acuerdo
to be in agreement
estar de pie
to be standing
estar en camino
to be on the way
estar en las nubes
to daydream
Estar is used with the progressive tenses. You will learn more
about this usage later. We present it now simply because it is an
important use of the verb estar.
¿Qué estás comiendo?
What are you eating?
Estoy comiendo arroz y frijoles.
I am eating rice and beans.
Ser and Estar:
In the previous two lessons you learned the fundamental
difference between ser and estar - essence or condition ("what"
something is v. "how" something is), as well as some common
uses for the verb ser. This lesson examines the other Spanish
verb for "to be": estar.
Estar is used to express geographic or physical locations.
¿Dónde estás?
Where are you?
Estoy en el laboratorio.
I'm in the laboratory.
¿Dónde está Chile?
Where's Chile?
Chile está en América del Sur.
Chile is in South America.
Note: The one exception to this rule is that ser is used to tell
where an event is taking place. (La fiesta es en mi casa.)
Estar is used with adjectives to express a state or condition
("how" something is).
¿Cómo está la sopa?
How's the soup?
La sopa está fría.
The soup is cold.
¿Cómo estás tú?
How are you?
Estoy muy bien, gracias.
I am very well, thanks.
Estar is used with many idiomatic expressions. These are just a
few.
estar de acuerdo
to be in agreement
estar de pie
to be standing
estar en camino
to be on the way
estar en las nubes
to daydream
Estar is used with the progressive tenses. You will learn more
about this usage later. We present it now simply because it is an
important use of the verb estar.
¿Qué estás comiendo?
What are you eating?
Estoy comiendo arroz y frijoles.
I am eating rice and beans.
TAREA
Tarea para el 5 de
septiembre 2014
Realidades 2
Realidades II página 32
On looseleaf Actividad 21
¡Buena Suerte!