Speeches Part I To Write A Speech And other useful things Types of Speeches Informative Speaking Persuasive Speaking Impromptu Group Presentation Interviews Informative Speaking Used to: Give Directions/Explain a Process Ex. “how to tie your shoes” Describe an Object/Thing/Idea Ex. “giving a speech on the economy of France” Clarify a Concept Ex. “giving a speech examining the idea of nonviolent resistance” Persuasive Speaking What is a Persuasive Speech? A speech that not only informs, but also asks the audience to do something based on the information given A persuasive speech demands you: Convince your audience to believe as you do Influence your audience to do some sort of action Ex. Convincing your parents/guardian to let you do something Appeals of Persuasive Speaking Logical Appeal: Comes from the Greek word, “logos” Argument uses facts, reason, logic, proof Emotional Appeal: Greek word, “pathos” An argument that appeals to the audiences emotions “Tugs at your heart strings” Personal Appeal Greek word, “ethos” Audiences listens because they trust your credibility or agree with your morals Format of a Speech I Attention Getter (Anecdote, Question, Quotation, Humor, Shocking Statistic) Link Thesis Preview Statement Introduce the three points you will be discussing in the speech Attention Getters I Anecdote - A personal story that would relate to the topic “when I was a kid, my father would tell me ‘the early bird catches the worm’…” Question - asking a question to introduce the subject “How many people in here have ever procrastinated?” Quotation - using a quotation (usually famous) to draw in an audience and introduce the subject “Martin Luthor King Jr. once said, ‘love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy to a friend.’ Attention Getters II Humor - using jokes, anti-jokes, puns, funny stories, etc, to introduce your topic “3 procrastinators walk into a…” Shocking Statistic “99 in 100 people will experience the effects of procrastination in their lifetime” Format of Speech II 1. Topic 1 1. Make sure to verbally cite your sources “according to CNN,” “Fox,” “Journal Article,” etc. 2. Explain topic in detail 2. Repeat for Topics 2 and 3 Format of a Speech III Conclusion Summarize (review) points 1, 2, & 3 Tie all three points together Clincher Try to tie you closing statement back into your attention getter Transitions Make sure to use transitions between the Introduction, Points 1, 2, & 3, the Conclusion, and the Conclusion should connect to the Attention Getter Transitions - are words, phrases, or sentences that connect one topic or idea to another Impromptu Speaking Brief speeches with little or no preparation The subject is usually chosen for the speaker and the speaker is usually asked to explain: Words (love, greed, happiness) Quotations (“we have nothing to fear, but fear itself” or “the early bird catches the worm.” People/Places/Events (MLK, Vietnam War Memorial, or 9/11) The speech is typically less than 10 minutes Impromptu Speaking Format 1. Statement of Main Topic (“I agree with the statement “the early bird catches the worm, here’s why”). 1. Needs an Attention Getter 2. Support the Main Topic with examples, illustrations, statistics, and testimonies 1. Usually 2-3 points 2. Don’t usually need sources 3. Conclusion 1. Restate the main idea Speech part II Audiences 1.Types of Audiences 1.Supportive Audiences - Audience members like or agree with what you have to say 2.Uncommitted Audiences - Neutral audience; they have no opinion on the topic you are presenting 3.Indifferent Audiences - Audiences that appear bored or uninterested in the topic Types of Audiences II 1. Captive Audiences (different from “captivated’) - Audiences that are forced to be in attendance (ie. YOU) 2. Opposed Audiences - Members are hostile towards you, what you’re promoting, or both. Writing a Speech Picking a Topic If you are given the ability to choose your topic: Pick something you’re interested in Pick something that you would like to know more about If a topic is assigned to you Try to find something interesting about your topic BEFORE YOU BEGIN Find your purpose: Ex. The purpose of my speech is to inform my audience about _________ Ex. The purpose of my speech is to persuade my audience to believe ________ Figure out (if you can) who you will be speaking to Research Step 1: Begin with preliminary research Basic research; read up on the topic. Doesn’t have to be (but is recommended) legitimate sources Step 2: Plot out your main points Typically 3 main points Step 3: Find data to support your main points Change your main points if necessary Outline Step 1: Put your research onto an outline Step 2: Explain your findings Elaborate on the research Step 3: Fill out your conclusion Step 4: Fill out your introduction Writing the Speech Step 1: Start off with a strong introduction Give a good attention getter Clearly explain what you’re discussing Clearly tell the audience your three main points Step 2: Write your body Strongest point first, weakest point in the middle, second strongest last Transition from one point to the other Writing the Speech Step 4: Conclusion Repeat your main ideas Tie your ending back into your attention getter Step 5: Practice Ask someone to listen to you Record yourself giving the speech and watch it Say it in front of the mirror Step 6: Revise Make necessary corrections Extras Are you going to dress a certain way? Ex. Speech on life guarding? Wear a lifeguard uniform Otherwise, dress semi-formal - formal If in doubt, dress a little nicer than your audience Are you being visual aids? Slides Pictures Diagrams Etc Before the Speech Step 1: Warm up Say the intro to your speech a few times Tongue twisters Step 2: Before you begin Breath During the Speech Movement: Only move during transitions The “Triangle” Be aware of nervous movement If you mess up Try not to be frustrated If you need to clarify: Clarify and move on If you messed up the wording: Your audience doesn’t know, don’t apologize APPEAR CONFIDENT