Industrialization and
Ideology
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The Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
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A process which led to gradual, longterm growth rates over a sustained
period of time.
“Creative Destruction”
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Change in the Industrial
Revolution can be seen in the
following:
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Structural/Institutional Changes
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Organization – the factory and the corporation
Labor – wage-based, division of labor
Demographic – population shifts to urban areas
Technology
Energy – fossil fuels
Global Dimension – migration/immigration
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Why is England the first to industrialize?
Contributing Conditions:
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Colonies – “ghost acres” and raw materials
Agricultural changes – greater productivity (Ex.,
Jethro Tull, agronomist) – population growth
Mobile labor supply
Capital available
Mindset of the gentry/landowning/ middle classes
– entrepreneurship
Political stability – Constitutional Monarchy
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Andrew Carnegie’s Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Did Andrew work in Scotland? Did his
mother?
How did technology affect the Carnegie
family in Scotland? In America?
What is the role of Andrew’s mother?
How do they get to Pittsburgh?
How do Pittsburgh and Coketown compare?
Was Andrew’s father a “victim” of the
Industrial Revolution?
Are there similarities in the story with
America today ?
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Problems with early industrialization
“the Industrial Revolution has created the
ugliest world that humans have ever
known.”
Industrialization
promoted rapid
Urbanization
By 1800, 20%
of British people
lived in cities of
10,000 or more.
By 1900s, 75%.
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By the end of the 19th century, a new
“job” for children…
By the way, industrialization helps explain why you are sitting here
at BCC …
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New Sources of Power
Cotton Imports to UK
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Steam Engine
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400
350
300
250
Lbs.
200
(mill.)
150
100
50
0
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1760
James Watt (1736-1819)
Coal fired
Applied to rotary engine,
multiple applications
1760: 2.5 million pounds
of raw cotton imported
1787: 22 million
1840: 360 million
1840
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Population Growth (millions)
400
350
300
250
Europe
Americas
200
150
100
50
0
1700
1800
1900
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Social consequences of industrialization

New social classes
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New experience of work
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New sense of space

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Emergence of “private” and
“public” realms  family, gender
implications
New sense of time

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Modern Times, Charlie Chaplin
Agricultural time vs. factory time
“Time is money”
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Overview: Creation of New Classes
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The Industrial Middle Class – Bourgeoisie
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Urban Proletariat – Factory workers
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“respectability”
“the mob”
Shift in political power to the Bourgeoisie
Inspiration for new political systems—
Liberalism (Bourgeois Middle classes) and its
competitor, Marxian Socialism.
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The Industrial Middle Class: The
Bourgeoisie
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New class, evolved from guild merchants in
cities
“bourgeoisie”
From Capitalists (upper middle class) to
shopkeepers (lower middle class)
Begin to eclipse power and status of agrarian
landed classes
Note: They project an image of “respectability,” “clean collars,”
professionals, rationalism, pious, frugal and hard-working, family men,
sober, civic-minded, men of property, moral.
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Bourgeoisie Liberalism: The ideology
of the Middle Classes
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Based on Enlightenment ideas:
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Laissez-faire economics
Popular sovereignty – (not democracy) men of
property should rule, but power should come from
them.
Constitutionalism – sharing power
Rights and freedoms – press, assembly, religion,
property.
Individualism and free thought.
Poverty – new definition—character over birth.

“If you’re poor it’s because of your own failure—sink or
swim”
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The Proletariat
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Blue-collar factory workers
Tremendous growth in numbers as
industrialization expands.
Worked in ecologically disastrous conditions for
long hours.
Regarded as “dangerous, the mob, irrational,
dirty, lazy, drunkards, immoral, “breeders,” not
religious or civic-minded, criminals.
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Industrial Europe ca. 1850
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The Question of Equality:
“the myth that ANYONE can make it
is confused with the notion that
EVERYONE can make it.”
Japanese CEO-average Japanese worker = 10X
US CEO – average American worker = 531X
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Stats on Inequality:
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Richest 1% of Americans held 32% of nation’s
wealth in 2001.
Income inequality in America has increased-from
1980-2005, income for white men has declined by
20%.
Between 1970’s and today, the % of income of the
middle class rose by 15%, the upper middle class,
by 23%, and of wealth, 63% = growing income
inequality.
Why hasn’t economic growth led to greater
equality?
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Reactions to early industrialization

Union movements
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Socialist movements
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Marxism
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The Socialist Challenge to Capitalism
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Socialism first used in context of Utopian
Socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and
Robert Owen (1771-1858) (The Phalanx, one of
the agricultural cooperatives started in France
but spreading to the U.S. existed for about 20
years and gave its name to Phalanx Road.
Opposed competition of market system
Attempted to create small model communities
Inspirational for larger social units
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What all Socialists Believed
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Optimists – believed society could be reformed,
including the economic system.
Social activists-as individuals and that government
should guarantee basic needs.
Cooperative—Humans were cooperative by nature,
but society forced them to compete.
Property was the key to equitable distribution of
resources.
Economic Democracy – popular sovereignty in the
economic sphere.
Industrialism is good.
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Marx and Engels

“The history of all hitherto
existing society is the history of
class struggles. Freeman and
slave, patrician and plebian, lord
and serf, guild-mastery and
journeyman, in a word, oppressor
and oppressed, stood in constant
opposition to one another, carried
on an uninterrupted, now hidden,
now open fight, a fight that each
time ended, either in a
revolutionary reconstitution of
society at large, or in the common
ruin or the contending classes…”
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Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich
Engels (1820-1895): Marxian Socialism
“Scientific”
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Two major classes, always in conflict:
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Capitalists, who control means of production
Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor
Exploitative nature of capitalist system
Religion: “opiate of the masses”
Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a
“dictatorship of the proletariat”
Economic Determinism – your economic situation
influences everything you do, think, eat, say, believe.
Marx’s chief contribution: A society cannot be
understood without an analysis of its economic system.
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Social Reform and Trade Unions
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Socialism had major impact on 19th century reformers
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Reduced property requirements for male suffrage
Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment
compensation, retirement benefits
Trade unions form for collective bargaining
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Strikes to address workers’ concerns
Evolutionary Socialism: workers and their political
representatives get the right to vote by the end of the 19th
century and are elected to office to change existing wrongs.
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Overview: Unexpected Impact of the
Industrial Revolution
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Genesis of an environmental catastrophe
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Intellectual origins of human domination over
natural resources
Unforeseen toxins, occupational hazards
Reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels.
Social ills
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Landless proletariat
Migrating work forces
Definition of poverty changed: individual failure
rather than the norm; poverty = deviance.
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Spread of Industrialization
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Spread throughout Europe—France, Germany,
Russia, America and Japan by the end of the 19th
century.
Development of technical schools for engineers,
architects, etc.
Government support for large public works
projects (canals, rail system).
Huge financial institutions supporting the global
demands of industrialization.
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Big Business: New Organizations as
Industrialism spreads.
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Large factories require start-up capital
Corporations formed to share risk, maximize
profits
Britain and France lay foundations for modern
corporation, 1850-1860s
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Private business owned by hundreds, thousands or
even millions of stockholders
Investors get dividends if profitable, lose only
investments in case of bankruptcy
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Industrialization in the United States
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1800 US agrarian
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Population 5 million
No city larger than 100,000
6/7 Americans farmers
1860 US industrializing
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Population 30 million
Nine cities 100K +
½ Americans farmers
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Mass Production

Eli Whitney (U.S., 1765-1825) invents cotton gin
(1793), also technique of using machine tools to
make interchangeable parts for firearms
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“the American system”
Applied to wide variety of machines
Henry Ford, 1913, develops assembly line
approach
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Complete automobile chassis every 93 minutes
Previously: 728 minutes
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Distribution of Wealth in the U.S.
80
70
60
Percentage 50
of Total US 40
Weath
30
20
10
0
Richest 10
Other 90
1800
1860
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The Demographic Transition
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Industrialization results in marked decline of
both fertility and mortality by the end of the
19th c.e.
Costs of living increase in industrial societies
Urbanization proceeds dramatically


1800: only 20% of Britons live in towns with
population over 10,000
1900: 75% of Britons live in urban environments
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Women in the Workforce
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Agricultural, cottage industry work involved women:
natural transition
But as industrialization progresses, development of
men as prime breadwinners, women in private sphere,
the “Angel of the Hearth” to care for the home.
Double burden: women expected to maintain home as
well as work in industry, if not middle class.
Related to child labor: as children’s labor restricted
by law, and schools created, lack of day care facilities.
Women worked as the demands of the family
required.
“Women live like bats or owls, labor like beasts and die like worms.”
Duchess of Newcastle, 17th century.
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Child Labor
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Easily exploited
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Advantages of size
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Low wages: 1/6 to 1/3 of adult male wages
High discipline
Coal tunnels
Gathering loose cotton under machinery
Cotton industry, 1838: children 29% of workforce
Factory Act of 1833: 9 years minimum working age
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Global Ramifications of Industrialism
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Global division of labor
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Rural societies that produce raw materials
Urban societies that produce manufactured goods
Uneven economic development – creation of
rich-poor world.
Developing export dependencies of Latin
America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia

Low wages, small domestic markets
Note: Industrialism and Nationalism will be a powerful combination
that will lead to further inequities and conflict throughout the world,
even as the benefits of industrialism are spread.
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