Scientific Revolution
 1) Ideas:
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Observation and experimentation
Scientists questioned traditional ideas about the universe
2) Nicolaus Copernicus- Mathematician/Astronomer
The sun rather than the earth is the center of the universe
Gaileo Galilei- Heliocentric Model
Sir Issac Newton- Law of gravity
Rene Descartes-Father of western philosophy

 3) John Locke- Natural rights/ Consent of the Governed
 4) Montesquieu- Voltaire-Rousseau- ideas on government/
democracy
 5) Causes of the French Revolution: Burden of taxation fell
heavily on 3rd estate
Starts with Louis XVI calling the Estates General into session

 6) The effects of the French Revolution:
Feelings of Nationalism increased
7) Taxes: 3rd estate ( commoners)
8) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen:
Rights of man universal
Valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature
itself.
It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected
equally by law

 9) Robespierre and Napoleon are similar: Increased
their power during the French Revolution
 10) Monarchy in the 16th and 17th centuries:
Centralized government authority
11) Objectives of mercantilism: Establish colonies for trade
benefits

 12) Otto Von Bismarck was able to unify Germany because
of nationalism
 13) Causes of the Industrial Revolution:
Agricultural Revolution, natural resources, and technological
changes
14) Effect of the Industrial Revolution: growth of middle class

 15) The literature that criticized the capitalist system “
Communist Manifesto” by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
16) Difference between a market and command economy:
Market Economy- not organized by a central authority and is
determined by supply and demand
Command Economy- organized by government officials who
direct the factors of production

 17) The Mongols and British were able to expand their
empires through knowledge and command of advanced
technologies
 18) The cultures that fought over control of land in South
Africa : British and Boer
 19) China and Japan were opened to trade :
Open Door/ Spheres of Influence/ Commodore Matthew
Perry

 20) Boxer Rebellion- opposition to foreign influence in
China
 21) Karl Marx- classless society/ profits from work
should belong to the workers
 22) Adam Smith- Laissez faire
 23) Berlin Conference – divided up Africa

 24) Opium Wars- dispute over British trade in China
 Result: China divided into spheres of influence
 25) Railroads emerged to promote the factory system
and urbanization
 26) Urbanization- population shift from rural to
urban areas

 27) Laissez-faire “hands off” government noninterference
 28) Goal of the Sepoy Mutiny- Rid country of
foreigners
 29) Industrialization encouraged in 19th century
Japan- building modern transportation system

 30) Political goals of Giuseppe Garibaldi- Unify
nation
 31) “ White Man’s Burden” used to justify
imperialism : Social Darwinism
 32) Purpose of Congress of Vienna- Establish a
balance of power in Europe after the defeat of
Napoleon