WEAK PRESIDENTS!!!
1
Rutherford B. Hayes
1876-1880
Republican
•
•
•
•
•
“Ends” Reconstruction
Unfairly called “His Fraudulency”
Temperance Advocate
Negligible Record
Unpopular with his own party
(Republicans)
2
James A. Garfield (1881)
Republican
• “dark horse” candidate due to contest b/w
“Stalwarts” and “Half-Breeds” in
Republican party
• Civil War General
• “Rewards” his patron James G. Blaine
• Assassinated by Charles Guiteau
• Guiteau, likely insane, motivated by spoils
system
• Assassination prompts civil service reform
3
Chester Arthur (1881-1884)
Republican
• A spoilsman of the New York Conkling
political machine
• Surprising advocate of Civil Service reform
• Pendleton Act of 1883 establishes merit
based examinations and bi-partisan Civil
Service Commission
• Unintended consequence?  LOBBYING
and Corporate influence in Washington.
4
Grover Cleveland
(1884-1888)
Democrat
• Defeats Blaine after defection of “mugwumps”
from Republican Party
• Cleveland was a noted reformer
• Former mayor of Buffalo and governor of New
York
• Demoralizing campaign – little to distinguish
parties other than greed for office
• Blaine looses support of Irish Catholic voters,
looses NY, looses race for failing to repudiate
Nativist comments
5
Grover Cleveland
(1884-1888)
Democrat
• Cleveland is “some-what” bipartisan due to
Mugwumps influence
• “Somewhat” upholds civil service reform
• Personally takes on corruption in military
pension system for Civil War veterans of the
North, or the GAR (Grand Army of the
Republic)
• Forces the tariff issue into the debate for 1888
6
Cleveland’s Accomplishments
• Dawes Act
• Interstate Commerce Act
• Returned much land to public domain,
reversing power of cattle barons and
railroads in the West
• Personal integrity
7
Benjamin Harrison (1888-1892)
Republican
• Grandson of “Tippecanoe”
• Possible Tariff spurs Republicans to action
• Big Business backs Republicans with Big
Money to preserve protective tariff
• Harrison narrowly wins, though Cleveland
won the popular vote
8
Industry Comes of Age
1865-1900
9
What do the failure of the
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
and
the Chinese Exclusion Act
say about America after
Reconstruction?
10
CLASS STRUGGLE?
• 1877: Decline in Sectional Struggle marks
opening of the class struggle
• Panic of 1873 hits country hard
• Railroad workers strike over 10% pay cuts
• Pres. Hayes crushes the strike by sending
in federal troops
• Strikers tear apart on ethnic lines
– Irish in West blame Chinese  “Kearneyites”
– Wave of anti-Chinese sentiment
• Chinese Exclusion Act is passed
11
12
Railroad strike of 1877
Railroad strike of 1877
This engraving depicts striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, as they stop a freight train on
July 17, 1877, in the opening days of the great railway strike of that year. Engravings such as this, which
show the strikers to be heavily armed, may or may not have been accurate depictions of events. But the
photography of that day could rarely capture live action, and the technology of the day could not reproduce
photographs in newspapers, so the public's understanding of events such as the 1877 strike was formed
through artists' depictions. (Library of Congress)
13
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
14
http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/stagser/s1259/121/1797/html/0000.ht
The Baltimore
Railroad
Strike
& Riot of 1877
Chinese Exclusion Act
• Irish and other European
Immigrants attack
Chinese, both physically
and politically
• Congress passes bill to
close the “Golden Door”
• Pres. Hayes refuses to
sign it
• Congress pasess law in
1882, ending Chinese
immigration
15
What do the failure of the
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
and
the Chinese Exclusion Act
say about America after
Reconstruction?
17
Context
• The Age of Monopolies, Trusts,
and Big Labor
• America accomplished heavy
industrialization in the post-Civil War
era. Spurred by the transcontinental
rail network, business grew and
consolidated into giant corporate
trusts, as epitomized by the oil and
steel industries.
18
QUIZ
1. What did the federal government give to
railroad companies to encourage new
construction of new track?
2. What is the name of the tycoon of the
railroad industry?
3. What year was the “golden spike” driven?
4. Name one of the two railroad companies
to create the transcontinental railroad.
5. What legislation attempted to regulate the
railroads?
19
Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850-1900
20
Map: Expansion of Agriculture, 1860-1900
Expansion of Agriculture, 1860-1900
The amount of improved farmland more than doubled during these forty years. This map shows how agricultural expansion
21
came in two ways--first, western lands were brought under cultivation; second, in other areas, especially the Midwest, land
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
was cultivated much more intensely than before.
Map: Industrial Production, 1919
22
The Iron Horse – Age of the Iron Rail
• Railroads were paid for through land grants
and government subsidies. Why?
– What problems does this raise?
• Construction of railroad helped by Civil War.
How?
• Union Pacific (East to West) construction
begins during Civil War
• Central Pacific (West to East) begins after
• Golden Spike driven in Ogden, Utah 1869
23
Golden Spike driven in Ogden, Utah 1869
EFFECT: United East and West; opens
trade with Asia
24
http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/images/promontory-point-utah.jpg
What are the effects of the finalization of
the transcontinental railroad?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Closing of the “Wild West”-ecological disaster
Spurs industrialization
Tie the country together/decline in sectionalism
Decline in Native American societies
Corruption/Speculation
Population shift
Time zones created
Millionaire class created (i.e Vanderbilt)
1886 – Supreme Court’s Wabash decision!!!
Interstate Commerce Act-1887!!!  the formation
of the Interstate Commerce Commission
25
(pp. 541-542)
OTHER EFFECTS OF THE
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
New Inventions:
– Steel rail
– standard gauge rails
– Westinghouse brake
– Pullman Cars
– standardized time-zones
26
Railroads and Corruption
SCANDALS
 Credit Mobilier
 Stock watering
 Bribery of
officeholders
 Creation of “pools”
 Secret “rebates”
REFORM EFFORTS
Granger Laws
(reversed by Wabash
case)
Interstate Commerce
Act of 1887
Were these effective?
How?
(see page 544.)
27
Interstate Commerce Act -1887
• Sec. 5. That it shall be unlawful for any common
carrier subject to the provisions of this act to
enter into any contract, agreement, or
combination with any other common carrier or
carriers for the pooling of freights of different and
competing railroads, or to divide between them
the aggregate or net proceeds of the earnings of
such railroads, or any portion thereof; and in any
case of an agreement for the pooling of freights
as aforesaid, each day of its continuance shall
be deemed a separate offense.
28
Why was the ICC necessary?
What was the intent of the ICC?
What was the effect of the ICC?
(Did it work?)
29
RISE OF MONOPOLIES
Overview
• Efficient use of expensive machinery called
for bigness and consolidation proved more
profitable than ruinous price wars
31
1. The nation’s first billion dollar corporation
was ____ ________.
2. Carnegie made his wealth through
___________ integration.
3. Rockefeller made his wealth through
__________ integration.
4. The transcontinental railroad was
completed in the state of ________.
5. The first attempt by the federal
government to regulate business was the
__________ ________ ________.
32
1. Vanderbilt made his fortune in what
industry?
2. Congress’ first attempt to regulate the
railroads was the ________ _______ Act
in 1887.
3. Carnegie made his fortune in what
industry?
4. Rockefeller made his fortune in what
industry?
5. The key invention in the steel industry
was the B_________ process.
33
1. JP Morgan made his fortune in what
industry?
2. Carnegie made his fortune in what
industry?
3. Rockefeller made his fortune in what
industry?
4. US Steel was the nation’s first _____
dollar company.
5. The key invention in the steel industry
was the B_________ process.
34
Experience
• When was the last time you felt that the
“game was rigged”?
• Have you experienced the power of a
monopoly?
• Do you trust “big business”?
35
Vocabulary
• Vertical integration = combining all phases
of manufacturing in to one organization
(Carnegie)
• Horizontal integration = allying with
competitors to monopolize a market
(Rockefeller)
• Trust = a board of directors/stockholders
that coordinates companies within an
industry to avoid competition
• Syndicates = “interlocking directorates”
of various competing enterprises and to
consolidate an industry (JP Morgan)
36
Tycoons
• Profiteering from the Civil War gives rise to
millionaire class
• Transcontinental railroad  mechanization,
industrialization, expansion of markets
• Surplus of raw materials (coal + oil + iron),
cheap labor, foreign investment
• CAPITALISM
Inventions  Industrialization  Inventions∞
ALL OF THIS GIVES RISE TO TYCOONS
37
Key Industrial
Inventors and Inventions
• Alexander Graham Bell = telephone
• Thomas A. Edison = electric lights,
phonograph
• Bessemer Process/William Kelley = process
to convert iron to steel
• Kerosene lamp
• Typewriter
• automobile
38
Edison Lab at Menlo Park
Edison Lab at Menlo Park
Always a self-promoter, Edison used this depiction of his "invention factory" to
suggest that his development of a durable light bulb in 1879 would have an impact
on life around the globe. (Departrment of the Interior, National Park Service, Edison
National Historic Site)
39
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
This photograph from 1893 shows
Thomas A. Edison in his laboratory, the
world's leading research facility when it
opened in 1876. By creating research
teams, the Edison laboratories could
pursue several projects at once. They
developed a dazzling stream of new
products, most based on electrical
power. (Library of Congress)
41
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The Manufacture of Iron
The Manufacture of Iron
Manufacturing iron was a hot and
strenous process, requiring workers to
spend longs hours stoking hot blast
furnaces. (Library of Congress)
42
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Henry Demarest Lloyd: “The Lords of Industry,"
North American Review 331 (June 1884)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1884hdlloyd.html
We have given competition its own way, and have found that we
are not good enough or wise enough to be trusted with this power
of ruining ourselves in the attempt to ruin others. Free competition
could be let run only in a community where every one had learned,
to say and act "I am the state." We have had an era of material
inventions. We now need a renaissance of moral inventions,
contrivances to tap the vast currents of moral magnetism flowing
uncaught over the face of society. … If the tendency to combination
is irresistible, control of it is imperative. Monopoly and
antimonopoly, odious as these words have become to the literary
ear, represent the two great tendencies of our time: monopoly, the
tendency to combination; antimonopoly, the demand for social
control of it. … Our young men can no longer go west; they must
go up or down. Not new land, but new, virtue must be the outlet for
the future. … We cannot hereafter, as in the past, recover freedom
by going to the prairies; we must find it in the society of the good.
43
Henry Demarest Lloyd: “The Lords of Industry,"
North American Review 331 (June 1884)
44
Andrew Carnegie = Steel Kingpin
• Steel is King : US pouring out 1/3 of world’s
steel by 1890’s
• “bootstrap” story: poor immigrant to tycoon
• Carnegie uses vertical integration with
“Pittsburgh millionaires”
• Controls all means of production, eliminates
middle man
• Sells to JP Morgan for 400 million
• Becomes a philanthropist – gives away $350
million before his death; establishes
endowments
45
Dangerous conditions at the Meadville, Pennsylvania Steel Company
Dangerous conditions at the Meadville, Pennsylvania Steel Company
Steel became a vital component of American industrialization in the late nineteenth
century, both as a product itself and as a material necessary for countless new
machines. Steel mills--such as this one in Meadville, Pennsylvania--employed large
work forces in ever more expansive, and dangerous, settings. (Library of Congress)
46
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
J P Morgan – Banker’s Banker
•
•
•
•
Builds financial empire through railroads, banks
Employs syndicates/interlocking directorates
Buys out Carnegie and enters steel business
Uses syndicates to consolidate wealth & power
• Forms US Steel Corporation – 1st billion $ corp.
47
Rockefeller – Standard Oil Corp.
• Kerosene and then Automobiles drive
US oil consumption
• Rockefeller ruthlessly uses horizontal
integration to create largest monopoly
• See “The Octopus,” 1904 - Cartoon
• 1877 controls 95% of oil refineries in US
• Robber Baron’s Baron
48
Standard Oil Monopoly
Standard Oil Monopoly
Believing that Rockefeller's Standard Oil monopoly was exercising dangerous
power, this political cartoonist depicts the trust as a greedy octopus whose sprawling
tentacles already ensnare Congress, state legislatures, and the taxpayer, and are
reaching for the White House. (Library of Congress)
49
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE
TRUSTS FORMED IN THIS
PERIOD?
WHAT ARE THE PROS AND
CONS OF THE TRUSTS?
50
Justifications for Big Business
• Old Rich displaced by plutocracy of
“new rich”
• Gospel of Wealth – discourages
helping the poor
• Justified by Social Darwinism –
survival of the fittest
• Poor are poor due to lack of initiative
51
William Graham Sumner (1840-1910): The Challenge of Facts
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1914sumner.html
The truth is that the social order is fixed by laws of nature
precisely analogous to those of the physical order. The most that
man can do is by, ignorance and self-conceit to mar the operation
of social laws. The evils of society are to a great extent the result
of the dogmatism and self-interest of statesmen, philosophers,
and ecclesiastics who in past time have done just what the
socialists now want to do. Instead of studying the natural laws of
the social order, they assumed that they could organize society as
they chose, they, made up their minds what kind of a society they
wanted to make, and they planned their little measures for the
ends they had resolved upon. … let us not imagine that the task
will ever reach a final solution or that any race of men on this
earth can ever be emancipated from the necessity of industry,
prudence, continence, and temperance if they are to pass their
lives prosperously.
52
William Graham Sumner (1840-1910): The Challenge of Facts
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1914sumner.html
53
Taking on the Trusts
• Plutocracy defended by 14th amendment’s
due process clause
• Constitution’s “interstate commerce” clause
inhibits states from controlling trusts
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
– Largely ineffective
– IRONY: Used effectively against unions
More trusts formed in 1890’s during
President McKinley’s so-called anti-trust era
than any other!!!
54
Industry and the South
• 1900: less manufacturing than before Civil War
• James B. Duke: mechanizes tobacco industry
& creates tobacco trust
• South acts primarily as source of raw materials
• Shift in cotton mills from NE to S in 1880’s
• Cheap labor (virtually sharecropping) brings
rural white southerners to mill towns, traps
them there
55
Impact of Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Erosion of Jeffersonian ideals
• Women’s roles change
– Delayed marriages
– Smaller families
• Accentuated class division
– 1900: 1/10 of US owns 9/10 of US’s wealth
– 1900: 2/3 of Americans are “wage slaves”
• Workers’ lives increasingly precarious
56
Scribner's magazine cover
Scribner's magazine cover
Athletics, the bicycle vogue, and
colleges for women such as Wellesley,
all portrayed in this May, 1898 magazine
cover, helped give middle-class young
women a sense of new possibilities at the
dawn of the twentieth century. (Courtesy,
Wellesley College Archives)
57
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Industry Comes of Age
1865-1900
Part 2 – Impact of Industrialization
58
1.
Changes in the national economy in late-nineteenth century
America resulted in
a.
b.
c.
d.
A lower standard of living for most
A decline in agriculture relative to manufacturing
No significant changes in marriage patters or family life.
Sharper class distinctions
2.
The Knights of Labor were weakened by
a.
b.
c.
d.
Its refusal to endorse social reform and the 8 hour day
Stiff competition from the National Labor Union
Its association in the public mind with the Haymarket riot
Its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers
59
Context
• The Age of Monopolies, Trusts,
and Big Labor
• Industrialization radically
transformed the condition of
American working people, but
workers failed to develop
effective labor organizations to
match the corporate forms of
business.
60
Experience
• What do you think of unions?
• Have you ever signed a petition?
• Do you work now?
– Do you think you are treated fairly?
– Do you want to change your working
conditions?
– How would your boss/employer respond?
61
62
Women telephone workers, Roanoke, Virginia
Women telephone workers, Roanoke, Virginia
As this telephone office in Roanoke, Virginia, reveals, women office employees
usually worked under the direct supervision of male managers. (Library of Congress)
63
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Child worker, glass factory
Child worker, glass factory
Child labor was common in the factories of 19th century America. (Library of
Congress)
64
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Children in textile mills
Children in textile mills
Much of the new southern textile industry was based on child labor. These children
were photographed by Lewis Hines in 1908. (National Archives/ Lewis Hines)
65
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Rise of Big Labor
• Increasing economic change  social &
economic disruption in workers’ lives
• Labor strengthened by Civil War, then
declines. Why?
• Big Business doesn’t fight fair
– Pools wealth to hire lawyers & scabs
– “lockouts,” “yellow dog contracts,”
blacklists”
– “company towns”
• National Labor Union – 1866
67
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hay:@field(DOCID+@lit(ichihayv03)):@@@$REF$
PREAMBLE AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR
TO THE PUBLIC:
The alarming development and aggressiveness of great capitalists and
corporations, unless checked, will inevitably lead to the pauperization and
hopeless degradation of the toiling masses.
It is imperative, if we desire to enjoy the full blessings of life, that a check be
placed upon unjust accumulation, and the power for evil of aggregated
wealth.
This much-desired object can be accomplished only by the united efforts of
those who obey the divine injunction, "In the sweat of they face shalt thou
eat bread."
Therefore we have formed the Order of Knights of Labor, for the purpose of
organizing and directing the power of the industrial masses, not as a political
party, for it is more - … But no one shall, however, be compelled to vote with
the majority, and calling upon all who believe in securing "the greatest good
to the greatest number," to join and assist us, we declare to the world that
are our aims are:
68
Knights of Labor
Collective effort needed to counter trusts
• Founded as a secret society in 1869. Why?
• Led by Terence Powderly, Irish, utopian
• Inclusive and Diverse:
– men and women
– white and black
– skilled and unskilled
• Broad (utopian? Socialist?) goals
• HURT by Haymarket Square riot, 1886,Chicago
• Associated with anarchists, falls into decline
69
Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor
Black delegate Frank J. Farrell
introduces Terence V. Powderly, head of
the Knights of Labor, at the
organization's 1886 convention. The
Knights were unusual in accepting both
black and female workers. (Library of
Congress)
70
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
STRIKES
GREAT STRIKE
OF 1877
HAYMARKET
AFFAIR
1886
Railroad strike
Paralyzed rail
& commerce
Labor march
Bomb thrown
Several deaths
Pres. Hayes
Sent US troops
to end it
8 Anarchists
arrested
4 hanged,
1 suicide
CHINESE
PUBLIC TURNS
EXCLUSION ACT
AGAINST
LABOR
HOMESTEAD
STRIKE
1892
STEEL STRIKE
Protest work
& living
conditions
Pinkerton
Detectives
protect scabs,
Several deaths
US troops end it
WEAKENS
LABOR
PULLMAN STRIKE
1893
Pullman Comp.
cuts wages
during Panic
of 1893
Does not raise
after ends
Workers strike
US troops end it
Debs arrested
Workers
Blacklisted
71
LABOR WEAK
Management and Labor
Management and Labor
72
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Management and Labor
Management and Labor
This cartoon, from Puck, April 7, 1886, shows Terence Powderly, in the center, advocating the
position of the Knights of Labor on arbitration. The Knights urged that labor and management
(identified here as "capital") should settle their differences this way, rather than by striking.
Note how the cartoonist has depicted labor and management as of equal size, and given both of
them a large weapon; management's club is labeled "monopoly" and labor's hammer is called
"strikes." In fact, labor and management were rarely equally matched when it came to labor
disputes in the late nineteenth century. (Puck, April 7, 1886)
73
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
American Federation of Labor
•
•
•
•
•
Skilled workers split from Knights of Labor 1886
AF of L was elitist in membership, narrow in goals
Led by Samuel Gompers, Jewish cigar maker
Foe of socialism and “utopian” policies
Avoided politics and focused on union goals:
– Better wages
– Eight-hour day
– Better working conditions
• AF of L successful in many of its strikes and in
meeting many of its goals
74
1. The Knights of Labor were weakened by
a. Its refusal to endorse social reform and
the 8 hour day
b. Stiff competition from the National Labor
Union
c. Its association in the public mind with the
Haymarket riot
d. Its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled
workers
75
KNIGHTS
OF LABOR
AF of LABOR
76
How was the Sherman AntiTrust Act used against Unions?
(hint: look at Eugene V. Debs
and the Pullman Strike in 1894)
77
America Moves to the City
1865-1900
78
Context
• The Age of Monopolies, Trusts,
Big Labor, and Big Cities
• In the late nineteenth century,
American Society was increasingly
dominated by large urban centers.
Explosive urban growth was
accompanied by often disturbing
changes, including the New
Immigration, crowded slums, new
religious outlooks, and conflicts over
culture and values. Cities also
offered new opportunities and new
perspectives, especially to women.
79
Industrialization
Urbanization
Immigration
80
Growth (Rise?) of Cities
• Booming population + immigration =
explosive urban development
• Cities hold best and worst of America:
richest of the rich, poorest of the poor
• Must solve problems of crowding,
sanitation, education, and economic
development/growth
82
http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-034.jpg
Dumbbell Tenement
http://www.edteck.com/dbq/dbquest/quest11.htm
83
Immigrants: Who are they?
Old Immigration =
(Ireland + Germany)
VS.
New Immigration =
(Southern Europe – Italians, Greeks +
Central Europe – Slavs, Poles, Russians,
Hungarians, etc. )
RESULT: US is increasingly diverse: we
come from more countries and more
religions, esp. Catholics and Jews
84
85
http://www.dallasfed.org/fed/annual/2001/ar01c.html
Immigrants: Who are they?
• Assimilation?
• Many new immigrants form ghettos that
preserve customs and languages. Takes
several generations to “Americanize”
• NATIVISM reemerges as a counterreaction, forms American Protective
Association (APA)
86
ANGEL ISLAND
VS. ELLIS ISLAND
1882: Congress starts to restrict immigration
 1883 Chinese Exclusion Act
1886: Statue of Liberty.
CONTRADICTION?
87
Important Folks to Remember:
• Jane Addams: Reformer, studies social ills,
founds Hull House in Chicago in 1889
• Mary Baker Eddy: founds Christian Science
• Ida Wells: writer, activist; tackles lynching
and discrimination
• Booker T. Washington: founds Tuskegee
and argues for “accommodation” to white
society
• WEB Du Bois: helps found NAACP,
demands equality for “talented tenth” =
88
black community
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells was a well-known crusader
against lynching. (Schomburg Center for
Research in Black Culture, New York
Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden
Foundations)
89
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
W.E.B. Du Bois
W.E.B. Du Bois
A brilliant young intellectual, W.E.B. Du Bois had to choose between leading the life
of a quiet college professor or challenging Booker T. Washington's claim to speak on
behalf of all African Americans. (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture,
New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)
90
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Religion in the Cities
• Most mainstream or old line Protestant
churches struggle to address plight of
urban poor
• Catholicism thrives, founds schools and
parishes
• Salvation Army, YMCA and Christian
Scientists are formed in this milieu
• Darwinism undermines literal interpretation
of Bible, “modernist” clergy respond.
91
EDUCATION
• Americans believe education is THE
ANSWER to fixing problems of
industrialization and urbanization
• Public HIGH schools are built at this time
• Attendance at school (truancy) is enforced
• Catholic school systems are built
92
EDUCATION
• Many colleges for women and minorities
are established
• Teacher colleges are formed
• Philanthropists fund universities (i.e Johns
Hopkins, Vanderbilt, etc.)
• Adult education begins  Chautaqua
Movement
93
NEW MORALITY &
THE NEW WOMAN MOVEMENT
• Families in industrial era experience sharp
increase in divorce rate
• Birth Control developed  delayed marriage
and dropping birth rate
• Women challenge stereo-types limiting their
roles in home and workplace
94
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T046212A.gif
95
NEW MORALITY &
THE NEW WOMAN MOVEMENT
1871: Victoria Woodhull argues for “free love”
1873: COUNTER-REACTION  Comstock Law
– Targets “obscene pictures and photos”
1898: Charlotte Perkins Gilman publishes
Women and Economics
1890: Foundation of National American Woman
96
Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)
STOP AT PAGE 591, before
“PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL
AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
97