Chapter 1 –
Organization of the body
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology
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Anatomy  the study of the form, or
structure, of body parts and of how these parts
relate to one another.
Physiology  the functioning of the body’s
structural machinery; how the parts of the body
work and carry out their life sustaining energy.

i.e. the way the heart pumps blood and it’s effect on
the body
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology


Anatomy comes from the
Greek words “to cut
apart”
Anatomy is broken down
in to subdivisions
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

Gross anatomy is the study of large body
structures
i.e. heart, lungs, and kidneys
 can be seen without and examined w/o use of
magnifying instruments
 what we do when we dissect preserved animals or
organs
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An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

Regional Anatomy is the study of all the various
structures in one particular region
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The abdominal area
Muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels
Systemic anatomy is when you examine the body system
by system
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Cardiovascular system
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Heart
Blood vessels
Lungs
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

Microscopic anatomy is the study of all the
structures too small to be seen w/o a
microscope aid
Take samples and place them on a slide to study
them
 2 sub-divisions
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Cellular Anatomy – cells of the body
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a.k.a - Cytology
Histology – the study of tissues
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

Developmental Anatomy is the study of structural
changes in an individual from conception
through old age
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Embryology is the developmental changes only
before birth
Pathological Anatomy is the study of structural
changes in body cells, tissues, and organs caused
by disease

Studied on gross and microscopic level
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology
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
Molecular Biology – the structure of molecules
necessary for body structure and function
Radiographical Anatomy is the study of anatomy
by x-rays

We are able to evaluate patients for bone disorders,
tumors and other conditions
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

There are three things that are needed to study
anatomy
Observation
 Manipulation
 Anatomical Terminology

An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

Physiology is also broken down in to
subdivisions
Renal Physiology deals with urine production and
kidney function
 Neurophysiology deals with the nervous system
 Cardiac physiology deals with operation of the heart

An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

Physiology usually focuses on the cellular or
molecular level
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depends on the operation of the individual cells
which depends on the chemical reaction
Also uses principles of physics

i.e. electric currents, blood pressure
An overview of Anatomy and
Physiology

The principle of complimentary of structure
and function
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what a structure is capable of doing depends
critically on the its specific architecture

i.e. blood flows in one direction because the heart has
valves
Hierarchy of structure
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Simplest level of the structure is the chemical
level
Atom – the building block of matter
 Combine to form molecules
 Molecules form cells
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Become specific
Hierarchy of structure
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Cell Level
all cells can utilize nutrients and maintain their
boundaries
 but certain types form more specialized features
 Examples?
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Secrete mucus, conduct nerve impulses
Hierarchy of structure
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Tissues become the next level of hierarchy
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Composed of groups of cells
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4 basic types of tissues
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epithelium
muscle
connective tissues
nervous tissue
Hierarchy of structure
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The organ level
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A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue
types
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i.e. stomach
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lining is an epithelium, which produces digestive juices, the bulk
is composed of muscle, connective tissues reinforce structure,
and nerve fibers provide stimulation for digestion
Hierarchy of structure
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The organ system
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Organ that cooperate and work closely together with
one another
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Respiratory system
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Lungs, bronchi, trachea etc
The Organismal level
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Highest level of Organization
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Represents the sum total of all the levels of complexity
working together to promote life