ONSIDE: STRATEGY FOR FAIR AND FUN SOCCER
By
Patrick E.H. Greenidge
Chanzo Osei Greenidge
BRAVO MOVEMENT
1 BRYCE TERRACE, ST. AUGUSTINE
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Abstract
ONSIDE
BY
BRAVO MOVEMENT
Authors:
Mr. Patrick Greenidge
Dr. Chanzo Osei Greenidge
This manual presents a means of using the body and mind to achieve excellence in the sport of
association football. It is the product of almost fifteen years of exchanges between myself and
my late father, and derives from our combined experience of over five decades in sport and
martial dance.
The ONSIDE manual addresses:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Physical Preparation for Soccer
Capoeira and Cross-Training for Soccer
Technical Preparation for Soccer
Mental Preparation for Soccer
Key Issues in Soccer and Society
Método Soluna- A New Framework for Soccer Strategy
The purpose of the manual is not to provide an extensive catalogue of drills for teams and
positional training. It does however outline the basic orientations that would allow players and
coaches to design their own drills and exercises to augment their own training programme. The
final chapter offers a checklist for players and coaches to assess their progress in the pursuit of
excellence in sport.
Keywords: Soccer, Capoeira, Cross-Training, Coaching, Youth Development, Strategy.
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List of Tables
Number
Page
Table 1:
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mrs. Ernesta Greenidge for her invaluable sacrifice, assistance,
critiques and generosity.
Glossary
INTRODUCTION
“Muito sacrifício, muito trabalho”
Ronaldo (2006)
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Genius has its own logic. But good football usually runs in families.
Training for Attacking Position
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Structure of Case Studies: Theorising Global Flows
NOTES AND DELIMITATIONS
I: Physical Preparation for Football
INTRODUCTION
Deep Breathing for Anaerobic Efficiency
Breathing the Game
Start working on this at home with your watch in hand.
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Take a deep breath in. (For athletes using this manual, especially those in cold climates,
breathe in with the nose and and exhale with the mouth to avoid moisture loss).
Hold at the top of your inhalation. Don’t look at your watch, visualise a game situation, especially
a long run or continuous short sprints. Upon exhalation check the time you were able to hold
for.
You don’t have to do any activity except possibly walking.
When you let out after a long hold, take several short breaths in and out to free your lungs
before attempting another hold.
Start at twelve (12) per session, once or twice a day, depending on the extent of your training
regimen. Increase as necessary to a maximum of thirty (30).
Deep Breathing for Anaerobic Efficiency
Defining the Abdominals for Action
Abdominal exercises are a dime a dozen. You will probably know many of your own in this regard.
Lie on your back, raise feet and legs perpendicular to your body then lower slowly until about 2
inches or so above the bed or floor.
Hold there.
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After four rounds, combine this exercise with a deep breath and hold. Do not visualize the game.
In fact, try distracting yourself with some other pleasant image.
It is best to go to failure, relax and try again for a maximum of ten (10) repetitions.
Deep Breathing for Anaerobic Efficiency
Weight Training for Intelligent People
Footballers come in all sizes, shapes and body types. There is not an ideal body type for the game,
although a lack of height may be a handicap for goalkeepers. Weight training for intelligent players is not
about getting a larger shape or giving each other challenges about who can lift more weight. The purpose
of weight training for any footballer is to increase strength throughout the range of motion of a
muscle and to improve the body or muscle’s rate of recovery.
This means slower movements with incrementally greater weight burden over a larger number of
repetitions.
This use of lower weights allows the body to grow stronger, faster by allowing you to reach failure
without risking injury.
The principle of weight training must be supplemented by extensive use of your own bodyweight to
build strength.
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Warm up
Football is Running with Purpose
Warm up
- Normal strides and pace
Longer strides and faster pace
Jogging
Normal pace into faster pace into running- 1 ½ laps
Walking again for a ½ lap- picking grass and doing stretching exercises
Jog and Run for 1 lap including backwards running
Walking and stretching for ½ lap
Running normal and sprinting for 1 ½ laps
Footballers are not joggers or purebred sprinters. Like all good long distance athletes, they must
know how to change pace strategically and must practice along the full range of human motion.
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Warm up
Football is Sprinting with Purpose
Use five markers to start 10 yards apart and add one marker per week up to 8.
Run sprints for ten minutes. The important element is to learn how to recover from one position to another,
and how to change direction and sprint.
Use two markers and one ball.
The markers can be gradually pulled apart and should have ample space on one end for the player to slow
down safely.
The ball is placed between the two markers. The player starts walking from marker A. When they pass the
ball, they dip, touch the ball or ground and start into a jog…when they get to marker B, they touch the
ground and sprint back to the ball. They must then pick up the ball and execute a jump when they get back
to Marker A. They then slow…turn and do a recover walk to the middle with the ball. They leave the ball and
begin to jog again to marker Bcg.
Mock Squats
Defining the Quadriceps for Action
Up down stop
Up stop
Male players should seek out a very good supporter. If those supporters are going loose, get rid of
them.
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Don’t be afraid to consult a nutritionist or a nurse to understand how you can improve your diet.
Skip a day from soccer every 4th or 5th day. Skip a day from all sports every 8-10 days. Do
something completely different: go to a museum, science centre, movie, play, church, something
else. See the sights. This reduces the risk of burnout and keep your coming back with greater
desire.
II: Capoeira & Cross-Training for Soccer
INTRODUCTION
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BALANCE
This is a word is the key to our approach to playing football. You’ll note sometimes I use Soccer,
and sometimes Football. For me, when you say football, you mean playing the game and
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playing it well. Soccer is the sport itself- Association Football. Anyone can play soccer. Not
everyone can play football.
To play football requires playing in tight spaces. Playing in tight spaces requires superior
balance. That means that you will have to absorb knocks and pushes and still stay in control.
You may not like it, but to play football you have to learn to deal with it somehow. One way is
with accurate deft touches and an ability to predict tackles and change speed and direction.
One way you should not try is drifting out of the thick of the game…stay in the action and stay
on your toes.
Capoeira is one of the best ways to develop your sense of inner balance. Many people use
their eyes too much to balance. This means that if they are forced to make quick actions or are
distracted in some way, their balance suffers.
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Capoeira Angola:
Communication/Spatial Awareness/Concentration and Presence/Working in Space/Strength as
Balance/Deciphering Physical Language/Emotional Transmission/Isolation/Trust and Team building/Respect
for the Environment
Instituto Palmeiras
Principles:
Have Fun
Help your partner do well
Respect instructors and the music
Safety
Use your imagination
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LESSON 0: BASIC MOVEMENTS
WARM UP (See video)
Part 1:
Physical Warmup and Stretches
All fours walking in and out with hands
All fours reaching out with one hand (in a circle)
All fours reaching out with one hand and one leg (in a circle)
All fours jumping from left foot forward to right foot forward (in a circle)
Push ups (down- side to side- up- wide stance)
Demonstration/Repetition of basic movements
Nzinga
Escorpiao
Chapa de frente
Chapa de costas
Esquiva
Negativa
Four Basic Corridos:
Breathing for singing
Slow movements stretching up and down
Use order of stretches recommended in article
Practice with singing and movements
WARM DOWN: See video
LESSON 1: ASSERTIVENESS/COMMUNICATION/MOVEMENT
Ye Capoeira
WARM UP
Demonstrations/Repetition:
Meia Lua de frente
Meia Lua de costas
Cocorinha
Corta Capim
Parafuso
Bananeira
Capoeira Patintero
Split the group into two teams. One person stands in middle of the room. Their role is to block the passage
of the person advancing on all fours. After this, two advancers are introduced with two blockers.
Careful Chase
Players choose partners and stand facing their partner. Pairs should be parallel to each other. One person
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on all fours facing forward, another in queda de quarto position. All fours advances watching for rasteira or
chapa from person in queda de quarto position… once the person kicks, they must change positions. This
should be done in a straight line back and forth for 10 switches. Emphasise that the chaser must calculate
how far the other person can reach and be ready to stay just out of range. The chase should be regulated
by the music.
Tips to facilitators: Practice without music at least 10-15 minutes each class
Allow participants to develop their own rhythms by clapping for each other
WARMDOWN
Ye Capoeira
LESSON 2: AWARENESS OF SPACE
Ye Capoeira
WARMUP
ACTIVITIES
Clapping Game
Standing in circle- you have to clap and look at the person who should clap next (they have to then clap with
you) and look for the next person in the circle.
-
Eye contact
Concentration
Awareness and co-ordination
Movement Study (See Video)
- Role
- Cobrinha
- Aú
- Escalamento
Chair Movements (See Video: Travel right around them)
- Low rasteiras
- Mid ponteiras
- High Meia Luas
- Escalamento
- Au tres apoios (fechado)
- Cobrinha
- Role
- Begin again
Tips to facilitators: Be aware of imitation vs incorporation of movements.
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Emphasise that the transition from one movement to another must be balanced and smooth.
Players should keep their eyes on the chair at all times during the movements.
WARMDOWN
Ye Capoeira
LESSON 3: PLAYING TOGETHER
Ye Capoeira
WARMUP
Balancing each others weight
Rolling around each other back (then a race with a ball that they must give each other by rolling around and
giving it to the other person hand)
ACTIVITIES
Trabalho Cego
Players choose partners and then stand next to their partner to form a circle. One instructor can do music,
another instructor can be the capoeira in the middle.
One player with eyes closed or blindfolded, a partner with eyes open. The partner inside is blindfolded and
must listen for commands from his partner. At first, they start on the ground, on all fours. The players
blindfolded must not bump into the instructor who is moving slowly in capoeira around him/her. The role of
the guide is to tell the person in the middle what movement to do and in which direction. (The use of
movement commands should be limited to movements without handstands at first.)
Careful Chase (Inverted)
Players choose partners and stand facing their partner. Pairs should be parallel to each other.
One person on all fours facing forward, another also facing forward behind them. All fours advances
watching for chapa de costas or rabo de arraia from person in front… once the person kicks, they must
change positions. This should be done in a straight line back and forth for 10 switches.
Emphasise that the chaser must calculate how far the other person can reach and be ready to stay just out
of range. Emphasise that the runner must look backwards through their legs to see where the chaser is all
the time. Tell players to kick slowly to avoid injury. The chase should be regulated by the music.
Basic Combinations (starting with nzinga)
1) Au into Rasteira (in the opposite direction) into Rabo de Arraia (the partner must find a way to avoid
the rasteira and rabo de arraia given what they have learned so far i.e. negativa, esquiva, aú,
escalamento)- 10 minutes
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2) Cabecada into Negativa into Meia Lua (partner avoids cabecada and meia lua)- 10 minutes
Careful Chase (Lizard and the Fly)
In this game, the lizard is made to dance. The dance involves making six quick steps in any direction,
followed by a long count of two. The fly has no safe space and must get to a space marked by two cones
behind the lizard to get out of the window.
What this should do is teach players in a fun way how to position themselves as defenders and attackers in
a limited space. The attacker learns how to exploit the body position of the defender and be aware of their
mistakes as well as how to develop the patience to lure a defender out of position through movement and
strategy. Also key is the change of pace (within the count of two) to exploit an opening.
The defender should learn, by trial and error, how to defend a position behind them while still keeping in
motion and accounting for the movements of an opponent.
Hopefully the Capoeira movements and the small games will start to gel as players have to practice greater
economy to cover space and manoeuvre their bodies into tight space/change direction efficiently.
LESSON 4: REVIEW LESSON
Pick elements from the last three lessons and run through them.
Players have to sing and clap along as other do movements and demonstrations.
BREAK
1) Cocorinha into Nzinga Baixo into Rabo de arraia (partner gives chapa de frente/bencao and then
avoids Rabo de arraia)- Ten minutes
2) Escalamento into Rasteira into Meia Lua (partner gives bencao and avoids rasteira and meia lua)Ten minutes
Tips to facilitators:
Pay attention to the position of their hands and feet as they go from one movement to another;
Encourage them to smile and show different types of emotions as they do the movements.
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LESSON 6:
Ye Capoeira
WARMUP
Demonstration/Repetition of basic movements
Nzinga
Escorpiao
Chapa de frente
Chapa de costas
Esquiva
Negativa
Meia Lua de frente
Meia Lua de costas
Cocorinha
Corta Capim
Parafuso
Bananeira
Breathing
Slow movements stretching up and down/Use order of stretches recommended in article
Practice with singing and movements
Four Basic Corridos: Go over the corridos learned so far with instructors playing instruments.
Presentation of Drawings:
Leave time towards the end of the class for kids to play and experiment
WARM DOWN
Ye Capoeira
LESSON 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE BATERIA
WARMUP
Trabalho Cego
Players choose partners and then stand next to their partner to form a circle. One partner can do music,
another partner can be the capoeira in the middle.
One player with eyes closed or blindfolded, a partner playing music with eyes open. The partner inside is
blindfolded and must listen for commands from his partner. At first, they start on the ground, on all fours.
The players blindfolded must not bump into the instructor who is moving slowly in capoeira around him/her.
The role of the guide is to tell the person in the middle what direction to go.
(The idea is that the teammate’s voice is like a joystick that guides the player in the middle).
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WARM DOWN
Ye Capoeira
LESSON 8:
Ye Capoeira
WARM UP
ACTIVITIES
Clapping Game: Standing in circle- you have to clap and look at the person who should clap next (they have
to then clap with you) and look for the next person in the circle.
- Eye contact
- Concentration
- Awareness and co-ordination
Chair Movements (This time to be done with a partner; Travel right around them)
- Low rasteiras
- Mid ponteiras
- High Meia Luas
- Escalamento
- Au tres apoios (fechado)
- Cobrinha
- Role
- The other partner goes (3 repititions)
Introducing the Chamada (demonstrate each movement twice, and then partners try to do them)
- Saudacao
- Cruz de Frente
- Cruz de Costas
- Arpao de Cabeca
- Sapinho
- Muzenza
- Volta ao Mundo
Tips to facilitators: Be aware of imitation vs incorporation of movements. Emphasise that the transition from
one movement to another must be balanced and smooth. Players should keep their eyes on their partner’s
body at all times during the movements.
Rodinha
- Learning to return to the pe do berimbau
- Learning how to include a chamada while playing
Entering and Exiting the Roda: Ladainha; Chula; Corridos
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LESSON 9: CAPOEIRA AND CALINDA (invite other Capoeira schools to visit)
WARM UP with review of movements
Learning about Calinda and other local/regional martial arts
Presentation and Display of Drawings
WARM DOWN
Ye Capoeira
Basketball:
The coordination for basketball and soccer are very different. Don’t play
basketball if you have to play a competitive game within the next two days.
Table Tennis and Soccer
Try to play some table tennis (1hr once per week). Stay loose. This sport
helps your hand, eye and feet coordination. It also teaches you about moving balls
with spin across a restricted space and automatically gives you a better sense of
analysing spin on a round object.
Volleyball and Soccer
Core Use and Control
Position of feet
Lateral Movement
Recovery from dig/sprawl
Use of weight on hands/legs
Ready positions
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First steps
Stretches
Push Ups: Start @10 per session
Increase by 1.
Push-ups are to be done in five formats
Traditional
Wide stance
Narrow or diamond stance
Drunken – going up and down moving from one side to another
Wheelbarrow- legs and feet held higher than the rest of the body
On-the-spot
(a) Normal Running
(b) Accelerated Running
(c) High knee raises
(d) Pulling feet to touch the thighs
(e) Shaking out the legs from side to side
Jumping
Start without the ball to get timing and rhythm.
Check which foot/leg gives you the better lift.
When the jumping starts to get smooth, add heading to the jumps.
Sides back and flicks to both sides.
Jumping indoors as in the gym or outdoors near a well of how you are doing.
Practice falling
CONCLUSION
For the South,
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III: Technical Preparation for Soccer
“Live for accuracy”
Patrick Greenidge
Croatia in Canada
I spent a short time playing semi-professional football in Canada. On one
occasion, my team, a combined Caribbean-Italian-South American outfit was
playing against a Croatian-Canadian team. It was fairly scrappy. One wayward
shot skied over the bar and seemed destined to hit an elderly gentleman supporter
walking behind the goal. Happily, the gentleman spotted the ball on its way. And in
a split second, he quickly swivelled and unleashed a perfect volley into the V of
the goal. The game stopped for a second as people struggled to process what
they had just seen. Some of the Croatian team laughed quietly. I later found out
that the elderly gentleman was a former Croatian national striker. For many
reasons, it’s one of the most interesting memories I have of the game.
INTRODUCTION
The content of this chapter sets the stage for the tactical and strategic chapters to follow later.
Based on our research, I have identified the types of skills most necessarily to implement the
types of strategies outlined in ONSIDE. The aim here is thus not to differentiate among positions,
but to focus on the major skills that are necessary for managing the game and understanding the
strengths and techniques of other players within 30 seconds of a normal game.
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Body Control, Ball Control and Travel
Body Control and Tackling
Passing and Crossing
Shooting and Volleying
Heading and Running
Technical Preparation for Soccer
Body Control, Ball Control and Travel
A major aspect of body control in football is the ability to avoid tackles in stride. The first step to doing this is
running backwards and sideways for ten minutes at the end of every practice. While running, keep looking
over both shoulders to help develop a foil to blind-siding.
Of course you will do your skills work etc as you go
Now work on carrying the ball to a partner. Let them slide tackle…what you are practicing is knowing when
the tackle is coming and jumping over the tackle.
Dribbling in Circles: Start in circle about the circumference of your room. Work the inside and outside of
each foot. Reduce the size of the circle.
Dribbling backwards:
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Technical Preparation for Soccer
Body Control and Tackling
Make tackles with the inside of the foot.
Avoid tackling with the outside of the foot- injuries usually result.
Snap off your toe pokes- don’t leave your feet prone.
Know where your weight is.
Work on your body position in tackles, start with the basic – equal distance from the
ball- correct position of the non-contact foot- half of the body over the ball…timing of
contact
Match your opponents feet, even when they are far away.
Also practice faking a tackle to make the opponent enter a dribble or move into a weaker position.
The key to tackling is that you don’t ever watch games. Even the ones on TV. To
become a footballer, you stop watching and you begin reading. If you have that
superior instinct you will know that any three good passes can split a defence. Start
reading, start counting, start calculating- and the passes and tackles will become
easier.
Technical Preparation for Soccer
Passing and Crossing
Passing is about advantage zones. Passing a ball directly to a teammate
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may sometimes be the worst thing you could choose to do. In some ways, once
you mastered the art of putting the player between the opponent and the ball they
are about to receive, you must now start to think ahead of the play to see which
areas would be most advantageous in terms of the next play, the positions of other
opponents or teammates, available shooting options.
Live for accuracy.
Playing a long Ball
All long balls have a similar trait: the non-kicking foot does not get up alongside the ball. Instead, it lands
with the toes just behind the back of the ball. This allows the kicking foot to swing up and under the ball.
The body is then tilted slightly backward.
Distance direction etc can be adjusted by more or less power into the strike, or by adjusting where on the
foot the ball is struck.
To start, try starting with the side of the foot.
Work at changing your impact point slightly to involve a little more instep. Using the full instep for a long pass
is a faster way of getting the ball to its target, but directionwise it is riskier.
Your ideal technique involves contact partly with the instep and partly with the side of the foot.
Start with short distance passing (one side of the penalty area across to the next) and then increase. It is
important to be able to pick up the ball in traffic, make one move to a clearer area and in one deft long pass
put the ball to a team-mate outside of the crowded zone.
If you need extra practice, try returning balls to a player or to a specific spot during shooting or corner-kick
practice with your friends or at your club.
Technical Preparation for Soccer
Shooting and Volleying
Shooting
Master the basics- non-kicking foot alongside, instep impacting and adjusting the ‘hydraulic’ of the nonkicking leg i.e. knee bend and thigh alignment.
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After this, start running up, carrying the foot through to impact, making mental notes and adjusting your head
and torso position. Arch your upper body over the ball all the time when shooting.
Practice with both feet, giving 50% more practice to your weaker foot to improve it until you can use it
without thinking.
Snap off your shots. This keeps your limbs from tiring, injuries from hampering your play and late tackles
from catching you in a prone position.
Target practice
Don’t practice shooting at visual targets when alone. This usually means that you will look up to see if you
placed the shot properly, which is not what you want.
Find a marked field and a goal post (or mark it yourself). Pick a spot in line with the penalty spot about 4
steps to each site. From there work at hitting the inside of the posts using both feet.
Start by working out your (short) run up, especially the positioning of your non-kicking foot and thigh, your
follow through (or snap), your upper body position, your head position.
Now start taking actual shots. Don’t look…listen for the sound of the ball hitting the post. What you want is to
be able to visualise where the ball is going when you finally put your head down to shoot.
When shooting starts go softly at first for direction and then adjust as you gain confidence.
Work with your stronger foot to start, but do most of the work on your weaker foot.
Start with shooting with your instep, then progress to shooting with the inside and then the outside of the
foot.
Becoming a proficient shooter takes a lot of time. As you get better, starting moving back from the penalty
spot on each side.
You are now shooting for the post directly in front of you, and for the far post (diagonal shots)
Rhythm of the Game
All shooters must know how to sense danger.
There are two elements to a shot. The first/last step and the shot itself.
Work at dribbling directly into a shot. This means draw the ball square of your body and shoot on both sides.
This requires learning how much weight to put on “cutting” the ball to the kicking foot to give you the exact
width needed.
You should be able to hold your accuracy up to 25-30 yards. In your practice, you will combine these shots
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and cuts with diagonal runs and diagonal travel across the penalty area.
No matter what your position, this will make you a very dangerous proposition in front of goal, which makes
the game easier for all your teammates when in possession.
Good luck.
Volley Practice
The key to volleying is keeping on your toes. By on your toes, we mean on the balls of your feet with your
toes lightly placed on the floor.
1) As you begin, remember to keep your non-kicking foot ready to adapt. Drop a ball of any size from
any level straight down in front of you and volley with your instep. Alternate feet until your stance,
including the position of the kicking and non-kicking foot, and your timing of the ball is smooth. No,
this is not just for goalkeepers. If in a pair, drive the ball gently to each other. This can also be done
against a wall. Don’t use gadgets…you need to understand the relationship between your choice to
drop the ball, gravity and your body dynamics.
2) Now move to throwing the ball up and volleying. You can let the ball bounce to start but make sure
to hit it on the volley as opposed to a half-volley. Use the basic instep stroke to re-inforce your poise
and control.
3) Then try to get someone to throw balls for you at varying heights. Always execute an instep volley,
no matter how bad the thrower is. To add a challenge, get two players to contest the thrown ball.
Now you’re almost to the point of scoring (and controlling) crossed passes in traffic.
Volley practice is standard and should be done for 4-6 half-hour sessions. Above all, don’t go for power.
Power comes from the technique and timing you get from these exercises. If you need power, kick a tree.
Flow, timing and flexibility are most crucial. Your leg swing multiplied by the velocity of the ball will give you
all the power you need.
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Technical Preparation for Soccer
Heading and Running
Heading- The entire process
In trying to improve your heading technique, start by working on jumps without the ball.
Jump to create a rhythm…rhythm is the foundation of heading the ball.
Go for height straight up
10-12 times per session. Go up to 25 and at least twice per week.
The second step is 10-20 jumps heading (still with no ball)
Head only forward to begin
Then start heading left and right. This is done by twisting the upper body.
Then move to left and right flicks of the head.
Finally backward flicks…do this with a lower jump until full balance and confidence is achieved.
Try to do all in the same session once per week at least. Work on heading in every practice session you do.
Head juggling is a good confidence builder, but like all forms of juggling it doesn’t always help your technique
for a game.
The most important element of juggling, as my Dad (or George Best) would say, is to be honest. Better to do
5 keep-ups under control than 10 where you’re scrambling all over the place. Unless you juggling in a group
(and even then), if you’ve lost control of the ball, let it fall. Start again.
Control, not numbers, leads to more control and more confidence.
Try to improve your hang time every time you jump. A fraction of a second more up there allows you to see
the situation and make good decisions.
Heading from a prone position
Lying flat or sitting with legs out. Use a light ball.
Have someone lob or throw slowly to you. If froma lying position, come up, head the ball back and finish in
a sitting position…
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Do not head to the side from this position. Return balls straight ahead.
Running
You would notice that I separated Ball Travel from Running. For me, running is running off the ball.
Many believe that running in football has a specific technique or range of motion. I disagree. No one has to
teach you how to run as a footballer. Run so that you can control, shoot, tackle and change direction in your
own rhythm. Your objective is not to be faster. Your objective is to move freely and be able to observe what
is happening in the game as you enter and exit a running phase.
However you run, you should ensure that you can run for up to 120 minutes at a time. Do not use running to
compensate for a lack of spatial or tactical awareness. Develop an appreciation for and an understanding of
angles and use them to your fullest advantage.
Going forward or backwards with diagonal runs gives you more angles. The better player must read the play
and understand when to go forward, sideways and backwards depending on which angles can be exploited.
The goal is to score goals, but you must be in possession of the ball to be able to score (except own goals
by the other team). So possession is the first order of business (not defence). Defence is the art of securing
possession of the ball. Possession is the balancing of sharing the ball and taking the initiative to try at the
goal.
Running is central to each of these phases of the game.
Onside running is about good thinking and observant play. “Risk ventures”, playing at the margins may be at
best 25% but you can try them anyway even to keep the opponents unsettled and at bay.
Never create a negative approach to attack.
Technical Preparation for Soccer
CONCLUSION
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IV: Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Work with your coaches
Physical Preparation for Soccer
“Above all try to work with your coaches. If their philosophy conflicts with that which you learned
before, don’t worry too much. Do what you are asked to do and do it well. That is the finest expression of
professionalism, as long as that which is asked is not to your personal detriment”
Patrick Greenidge
INTRODUCTION
Mental Preparation
Mental Checklist for Players
Coming back after a break
Training for attacking positions
Training for midfield positions
Training for defensive positions
Training for power positions
Training for wing positions
Training for central positions
Building the team
Once on the field of play, players cannot be coached, so much as reminded of their coaching.
If you’ve failed to prepare, prepare to fail. A talented player will win a game, and should be allowed to do so.
However, talent will not likely win a championship or even a tournament.
MENTAL PREPARATION
30
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Mental Preparation
Rest is part of your training.
Schedule your meals carefully.
Don’t worry. Just produce.
Recovery:
Be proactive, not reactive. When the play breaks down and the ball is behind you, start moving back. Don’t
run, don’t walk. Look at the play as you begin to move back to the ball and make a decision how fast you
should recover.
Stay alert at all times.
Force opponents to your strength.
Develop concentration in trafficOne of the keys to football is spatial awareness. Knowing where you are at all times. Many times this is
pure instinct, but you must learn how to develop and how to trust those instincts.
Be aware of all in the immediate area.
Many time players dribble into traffic. You must learn to dribble into less and less traffic.
To do this, know where your teammates are, and know where your opponents are, then train your instincts to
know where they are going to be.
It’s not 100% sure but it can be very effective even when you don’t manage to get a look. Train yourself to
fell where people are.
To Develop:
In non-Contact practice situations, close your eyes for a few seconds and see if you can feel people moving
around you. Choose your situation carefully!
The loss of eye sight should give more focus to the other senses.
If this works, you should find yourself with that added sense of people’s presence.
31
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Mental Checklist for Players
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Coming Back after a break
POSITIONAL PREPARATION
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Training for Attacking Positions
As an attacking player, diagonal running is vital. When running with the ball, shield the ball from opponents
with your body so that the ball should be carried on the foot furthest away from the goal. Opponents should
have to come across your body to take away the ball.
Whenever you get to the top of the penalty area, travel across rather than forward to improve your options.
Work hard at wall-passing on the grass in limited spaces. This forces you to make footstep adjustments to
get an effective return. These adjustments allow you to work well in the small spaces inside the penalty box.
I call the imaginary circle drawn by the upper D of the penalty box the Ring of Fire as one of my coaches
once asked us to imagine that the penalty box is on fire. You move quickly, decisively and gently. Splitsecond adjustments make the difference between getting a shot off and no shot; No injury and injury.
Extreme mental flexibility is important. A good attacker takes whatever the defender is giving but will not be
pushed into a trap. You take what is given and then use it to your own advantage, as opposed to doing
exactly what the opponent wishes.
In shooting, always work for timing and direction first. Power can be added once the other two are in place.
32
First touch must be top quality. First touch does not really mean stopping the ball dead on contact. It actually
means that the first touch places the ball into your rhythm and into a position where you want to be. With
your first touch, the ball must be made available to pass or shoot.
Wherever the ball impacts your body, that body part must become an instrument of control in the shortest
space of time. Quick control is about giving you more time, and giving defenders or opponents less time to
pressure or strategise.
Do not practice those nice techniques for controlling the ball from your chest or head to your thigh to your
instep. ONE movement for control. And under control does not mean that the ball is on the ground. If you
can go from contact on your head, thigh, shoulder or chest to a pass, shot, flick or even dribble, you will be
given respect by a good defender.
Receiving ball on pivot is part of maintenance of possession.
Don’t get excited by location (closeness to the goal).
When with your back to goal or controlling in the air- feel changes in the position of the defender
Control away from the strong side of the defender
Control means for yourself or for your teammate.
Preparation
Work on sprinting with a high knee action to add explosiveness. From a start position go quickly into a high
knee lift for 20 yard bursts. After a month, go up to 30 yards, and for one session only per week do a 40 yard
burst for endurance.
Be prepared to twist and turn. Start by running cuts or sharp turns without the ball. Take three to four steps,
and go left. Three to four steps, and go right. Now three to four steps and turn 180 degrees and go in the
opposite direction. Start slowly at first to get the feel and to get your knees accustomed to the stress of the
sharp turns. Do this exercise for 5 minute spells, increasing by 1 minute weekly up to 10 minutes.
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Training for Midfield Positions
A key to midfield play is off balance or deceptive passing. Work at passing the ball in a way that does not
telegraph the pass, as you are responsible for the energy of the game. Going left you must be able to pass
33
right. You must be able to lean one way, go the other and pass in yet another direction.
Accuracy of passes. Passing is the heart of football. Everything flows or breaks down on the quality of
passes. Work hard at putting the ball where you wish with precision (this means speed, spin and timing).
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Training for Defensive Positions
As a player in a defensive position, it is important to understand your role. Defenders
are in my view the most misunderstood players on the field. Your role is not to win the
ball. Teams win balls or regain possession. The role of a player in a defensive position
is to weaken or disrupt the attack of the opposing team.
This means that your position is a strategic one, one that requires you to see the plays
developing and make decisions on how best to buy time for your teammates to recover,
dislodge the ball from opposing players’ control and prevent the ball from reaching key
players or players in strong positions on the opposing team.
The player is a defensive position is also a communicator, giving information about positions
and emerging tactics on both sides of the ball to other players who may not have the time or be
in the position to see or feel what is happening around them. Players in central or attacking
positions should not be afraid to listen to their defensive counterparts when in attack, primarily
because ‘good defenders know opposing defenders’ strengths and weaknesses.
Defenders need not win the ball cleanly, just get it away with a toe poke or redirection of a
pass. The key here is to buy time.
Understand that you cannot deny the opposition depth when you are defending, so conserve energy and let
them come to you. With particularly good opponents, you must choose what type of depth you will allow
(see Chapter VI).
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Training for Power Positions
Powers need to develop the ability to shoot and even pass without full control- half-volleys, ‘one-time shots’,
redirection of shots. However the ball comes to you, get a well directed contact. Power will come after,
especially for shooting.
As a power, you avoid and set offside traps by working off the deepest defender besides the goalkeeper (or
CD in our method). Be prepared to run parallel to the goal line until a pass is made.
34
Powers must be capable of sharp turns followed by explosive bursts toward the goal or the ball. For
attacking powers, the ability to follow with a precise snap shot on the run will finish off many a game.
Power positions are meant to make decisive touches on the ball, whether in defence or attack. Your mindset
as a power should be to get in a decisive but controlled contact on the ball each time it is under control or in
your area of control. It will not happen every time, but you must have the approach that you will not
surrender the ball meekly and that you will always be ready to counter-attack or win back a lost ball. Power
players always try to force their opponents into errors. Errors of thought, vision or strategy.
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Training for Wing Positions
The wing player has the advantage and disadvantage of playing and covering in the edges of the field.
On either wing you see exactly what the linesperson sees, so you have no excuse for going offside.
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Training for Central Positions
Your team depends on you. Faking injury or exposing rough tackles in necessary for all central positions as you
have to absorb quite a bit of abuse on and off the ball. However, don’t just take a dive at first contact. Play it
by ear, as there is also a fine line between riding challenges and risking further injury just to prove that you are
tough.
Rethinking Size
Mental and Positional Preparation for Soccer
Building the Team
Team possession is the first rule. Once the team keeps the ball opportunities to score will continue to come
up. Don’t be afraid to sacrifice penetration or going to goal in favour of maintaining possession.
35
Your team ethic is to control all balls quickly. This means passing as well as ball control. Stay faithful to the
basics of trapping- creating a cushion effect moving foot or trapping area towards the ball and pulling back
as the ball contacts the body.
Using a wall you can work on your soft control over all parts of your body.
Of course, it helps if you’re on your toes.
The idea is that you and your teammates have a control reaction. It’s not always possible for a teammate to
deliver a measured ball.Rethinking Size
CONCLUSION
36
V: Key Issues in Soccer and Society
INTRODUCTION
Football in Jamaica
Watching an World Cup Qualifier between Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, the two poles of
the Anglophone Caribbean, I was lucky enough to be in the stands with teammates from the
UWI St. Augustine sports contingent. It was 2001. The atmosphere was dry, packed and the
stadium bellowed with every movement. The Jamaicans eventually won 1-0, and as the game
was winding to a close, a Jamaican supporter looked towards us in Trinidadian red and white
and said “Don’t worry Trini, one love”. It took me a while to grasp the wry expression on his
face. “One love”…( I hope you’ve gotten the joke. If not, maybe it’ll hit you some other time, like
it did me 
One of the grand paradoxes of empire, association football (Soccer), a sport introduced to
modern industrial life by Europe’s imperial-colonial elites, has become one of the major social
currencies of workers, migrants, and Diasporas throughout the world. Today, excellence as a
footballer represents for many a rare means of accessing citizenship, education, employment,
leisure and social mobility, especially in Europe. Indeed, the beauty, history and immense
popularity of the sport have often overshadowed the industry’s current involvement in the
gendering and globalisation of poverty and inequality. This article discusses the confluence of
gender, migration, race and international relations, identity discourse and capitalism in the
cultural industry of Soccer and addresses the argument that World Soccer, as a Eurocentric
economic and cultural exercise, replicates and legitimates the dynamics of the Global
Plantation.
Project Identification and Institutional Development
The Dreaming Fields
37
Football, Life and Labour in an Orwellian Global Economy
Chanzo GREENIDGE
Despite the scant attention paid to the role of sport in global cultural and economic processes, scholars such
as Hobsbawn credit Soccer or (Association) Football as the only competitor to American popular culture as a
universalising agent in the 20th century (see Maguire, 1999).
This article will introduce the intricate and
multi-levelled drama of global football as an alternative means of investigating the cultural, political and
social dynamics of globalization and the World System.
Global Football: Race, Class, Sport and Freedom
The dream of success in football, in my view, is based on a deeper human obsession with ‘level playing
fields’. Besides the extraordinary commercial success of media spectacles such as the FIFA1 World Cup
series, the attraction of global football as contemporary popular culture lies not only in the relative low cost of
participation and its multiple billion-dollar industries, but in its image as a meritocracy- a space where status
is determined by individual and collective creativity, integrity and skill.
“The dream of a just society…seems to haunt the human imagination ineradicably and in all ages….”
George ORWELL
Beyond the field of play, however, the dream clashes violently to Earth. In surveying the surrounding political
and economic realities of global association football, it rapidly becomes clear that ‘while all fields are level,
some are more level than others’. Despite the façade of democracy at the level of global football’s governing
body, FIFA, there remains a pronounced difference between the quality of pitches, equipment, media
coverage and training facilities available in the Western (European and North American 2) game and the rest
of the World, especially in Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean.
The success of ‘developing countries’ such as Brazil and Argentina in international competition suggests an
enduring capacity for the reversal of global roles on the field of play. However, in practice, world football’s
1
2
FIFA- Féderation Internationale de Football Association (International Association Football Federation); UEFAUnion Européenne de Football Association/ Union of European Football Associations.
See Sherwyn Besson’s Rationed Freedoms (2003, 1st Books)
38
uneven geography establishes an almost permanent state of brain/human capital drain from the periphery to
the centre.
The situation threatens to worsen as celebrated UEFA-based academies such as Ajax
Amsterdam, Udinese and Olympique Lyonnais now recruit talented players as young as 12 from the global
South, making offers that even prominent clubs in the global South can seldom refuse. Is professional
participation an escape from poverty, or a contribution to the entrenchment of dependence and unequal
distribution of resources among clubs, nations, and regions. Or both?
"Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of
all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence. In other words: it is war minus the shooting. "
George ORWELL
Global Media, Gender and Nationalism: The Impossible Challenge?
As a sublimated martial art, football competition at the inter-national and even the inter-club level has been
the focus and expression of nationalist aspirations and international conflict. The game has also been a
factor in reducing internal tensions and promoting national/regional unity. Contemporary footballers’ style
and quality of play create international goodwill and highlight (both positive and negative) elements of their
country’s culture and history.
While C.L.R. James’ temperament and epic approach in Beyond a Boundary3 may not have permitted him to
explore questions of ‘dollars and cents’ (or ‘pounds and pennies’), the flipside to the realisation of nationalist
ideals was no doubt economic development and the management of wealth. What are the implications of a
league and a team that pools the resources of CARICOM member states for effective participation in the
Game of Billions? Is success in the footballing arena of any real value to an underdeveloped Caribbean?
Indeed, the returns in terms of travel, media exposure and sustainable tourism may well prove superior to
those realised from the massive investments made in preparations for hosting the International Cricket
Council (ICC) 2007 Cricket World Cup.
The deepening commercialisation and inequality of football competition has led some to cynically but quite
accurately brand Pelé’s jogo bonito (the beautiful game) “The Winning Game”. This attitude, however, begs
3
C.L.R. James’ Beyond a Boundary testifies to a dream of West Indian nationhood and international
recognition realised through arguably the most ‘British’ of sports, cricket.
39
the question: has global football ever enjoyed the innocence that many of its followers remember so fondly?
Mangan (1989: 17) traces the development of professional football and commercial public competition to the
Industrial Revolution’s reorganisation of labour around the urban factory. As industrialists recognised the
value of emotional release among their working masses, the social technology of Saturday football
competitions emerged as the perfect diversion. Engaged to entertain employers and fellow workers, the
professional sport labourer was subject to severe limitations on mobility and earning power. Indeed, many
professional footballers, like the gladiators of ancient Rome, were “virtually bonded men.”(Mangan, 16).
The idea of unionisation came much later and much slower to fruition in the football industry, with the first,
the Association Football Players’ Union, attracting only 7% of the almost eight thousand professionals
operating in 1910. Today, while excellence as a footballer represents for many a rare means of accessing
citizenship, education, employment, leisure and social mobility, the football labourer continues to operate in a
market quite different from that of other occupations. The spectacular fees which footballers, especially elite
professionals, now command were partially4 the result of the 1995 ruling by the European Court of Justice,
commonly known as the Bosman Ruling, to finally allow players to move more freely among professional
clubs, a right taken for granted in most other professions. (see Lowry et al, 2002) Despite these belated
developments, a lamentable lack of transparency remains in the international club transfer market 5.
In addition, while the economic viability of sport as industry merits close attention, other significant questions
of the relationship between sport, media and identity present themselves. As Scraton and Flintoff (2002)
note in Gender and Sport: A Reader, ethnic and cultural identities are constructed and reproduced through
physical activity. The filtering and interpretation of this activity by global media is also a key element in
(re)constructing contemporary identities. Even to the detached observer, there is much in the image of
football that would mark it as a ‘male preserve’. The power of the media to produce and globalise footballing
icons has serious implications for race, gender and labour. For example, as the media-led blossoming of the
market for branded equipment, replica jerseys and other athletic paraphernalia continues, few have noticed
the ironic return of the football industry to its ‘roots’ in the cramped urban factories of the industrial world.
Stories of Asian women and children stitching soccer balls for poverty wages leads one to question whether
4
5
Other factors include the rapid growth of the television licensing market, itself due to the explosion of Pay-perView television services. (The Economist, 2003)
Young players in particular are often prone to unscrupulous club officials and players agents who siphon money
by several means, including the failure to declare transfer fees.
40
the industry represents a real and sustainable escape from poverty or a continuation of gendered and
racialised hierarchy.
Several scholars have dared to investigate other elements of the global media-sport-gender nexus. Laura
Robinson’s Black Tights: Women, Sport and Sexuality, for example, delves into the issues of the sexual
objectification of women in and around sport. Gill Lines’ study of the 1996 Olympic Games and European
Soccer Championships also notes the connection of masculinity, especially Black masculinity, to sporting
prowess. In her view, this phenomenon not only marginalises women, but entrenches racial specification
and delimits the bounds of African male endeavour6. Nowhere is this phenomenon more starkly evident than
in Brazil. Though much has changed since 1923 for Afro-Brazilian footballers7, much has remained the
same. Now in the grips of debate over the introduction of ‘affirmative action’ legislation to favour the entry of
black Brazilians into institutions of higher learning, similar obstacles to entry are to be found in the higher
levels of the local footballing industry. As Brazil’s second chance at hosting the FIFA World Cup approaches,
Brazil has begun to take note of the limited participation of Afro-Brazilians in club ownership as well as
technical and administrative positions at both the club and national level (Awi et al., 2005). While
participation in sport by women, especially those in the global South, may be emancipatory (see Bolly,
2003), it is perhaps a more important and more difficult challenge to change the gender and racial identities
and/or interests of those who manage and shape the image of the sports we play and witness.
The beauty, lore and immense popularity of the sport have often overshadowed the football’s current and
historical involvement in the gendering and globalisation of poverty and inequality. However, the implications
of arguing that World Soccer replicates and legitimates the gender-, language- and colour- codes of a ‘global
plantation’ are far-reaching and fairly dangerous. In an Orwellian paradox of empire, football, introduced to
the global South by Europe’s imperial-colonial elites, has become one of the major social currencies of
workers and migrants in developing countries and their Diasporas. The dream of freedom and social
mobility through sport is jealously held by many in the playing fields of the global South (as well as by those
who would sell them that dream). Meanwhile, many in academia may scoff at the value of global sport as a
microcosm of the confluence of key issues such as gender, race, migration, international relations and global
6
7
A thesis developed by John Hoberman in several works, including his controversial Darwin’s Athletes (1997).
In that year, Vasco de Gama, a Rio-based club founded by Portuguese diasporans, defied regulation and accepted
practice by presenting a squad composed of black, pardo (brown-skinned) and mulatto workers that went on to
win the Rio de Janeiro State Championship.
41
media capitalism. As Galeano noted so eloquently in his classic work Fútbol A Sol y Sombra (2003), football
has at least two things in common with God: the love and reverence of the masses, and the fear and distrust
of intellectuals.
CONCLUSION
42
VI: METODO SOLUNA- A New Framework for
Soccer Strategy in Theory and Practice
INTRODUCTION
This book has focused on incorporating elements of Capoeira Angola into the the physical and
tactical preparation process for playing football. We also presented exercises, activities based
on our experience in the game.
This chapter completes the process by offering the outline of a strategy approach based on
research on the juvenile, amateur, professional and international game.
Work on Método Soluna began in 1999 while preparing as a player for trials and university
tournaments. I was lucky enough to live very close to Stade Gerland in Lyon, and to be in
France just after their 1998 World Cup victory. I was able to pick up on Jacquet’s approach of
subdividing the field into more than the
However I must give special thanks to my father for introducing me to new ways of looking at
the field. He divided the field into quarters into thirds, and started me along the path. Various
other coaches through their various approaches to team dynamics, positional play and on-field
organisation have helped me develop my own ideas. Thanks to them all.
43
Método Soluna: Implications for Individual and Team Play
Positions in the Método Soluna speak to the difference in approach….
44
Positions and Roles:
In the context of Método Soluna, the positions of players on the field are
reconfigured slightly. The available positions are the following:
Centre positions: these are coordination and creative positions that are essential for positioning the
team in relation to the ball and the goals.
Wing Positions: these are positions meant to support, defend and release pressure from the centre
positions. The Wings are essential for shifting the angle of attack of the team.
Power Positions: the power positions are responsible for driving the offensive features of the
team. They are also key for establishing prominence of the team in the key strategic areas of the
field, called the heights.
These positions are:
1) Centre:
a. Centre Forward
b. Centre Midfield
c. Centre Defence
2) Power:
a. Power Forward
b. Power Forward
c. Power Defence
d. Power Defence
3) Wing:
a. Midfield Winger
b. Midfield Winger
c. Defensive Winger
d. Defensive Winger
Under special circumstances, the midfield winger can be converted into a Power Winger, with
more licence to initiate shooting offence and to attack the goal line than a MW.
On the field, the essential positions for Método Soluna are the seven (7) Centre and Power
Positions. Ejections will therefore usually result in sacrifice of a Wing Position.
Offensive Strategy:
DM’s aim is to penetrate the heights through movement and passes.
Passes from the DM should go to the CM or PF.
45
Power Defenders advance ball to CM or link with PFs and CF.
Centre positions can receive and distribute balls (in possession/under control) from any other
position on the field.
Defensive Strategy:
Centre Forward (CF) defends the ring of fire and the goal line within the 18 yard box.
The Power Forward (PF) supports the CF and defends the heights along Y1 and Y2 and helps the
MW to trap the ball before it passes the 2nd quarter line.
The MWs protect the CM and defend the touch line and the second quarter line.
DWs support the MW (intense communication) and defend the CM by patrolling the 3rd quarter
line.
PDs defend heights along X1 amd X2 and help DW and PF in trapping ball.
Notes on Coaching Tactics
GOALKICKS
Control of the ‘heights’, especially in the defensive quarters of the field, means exposure to risk.
As the CD seeks to find options up-field on a goal-kick, the CF can collapse to a position below
and diagonal to the CM and MWs in order to increase options in the midfield. When the ball is
played from a goal-kick to one side of the heights, especially in the defensive quarters, the
PD/DW on the opposite side of the field should arc to provide backward options within the
heights.
OVERLAPPING PLAYS
If entrance into the ‘valleys’ is necessary, it should be primarily for one pass in and one out of the
area, to prevent losing position in the ‘heights’. In an overlapping attack, the objective of the
overlapping player is to get from one part of the heights to another as quickly as possible. That
player should not receive the ball (to feet) until they are in the heights, and a ball into space
should also be played into the heights.
46
Invariably, playing football in the valleys leads to predictability, lost possession and wasted
energy. The latter is perhaps the most important, as this division of the field allows players to
avoid exhaustion without results, and is key to getting an advantage on an opposing team.
Substitutions: Choices and Suggestions
There is something called an emergency substitution. They happen and must be prepared for. However, a
tactical change should be kept to a minimum in soccer. Players need to be allowed to play through mistakes
and mishaps, even poor choices. What is preferable is a strategic change, one which players on the bench
and on the field are ready to accept and take advantage of. This means establishing set times for
substitutions, based on pre-set criteria and game study.
Many may criticise this as imposing predictability. However, it is the type of predictability that can build a team’s
morale in the medium term and give players a sense of their role as starting and substitute players, which will
be expressed in better training and practice game play.
Sending players on to the field to waste time at the end of a game is a bad habit and below amateur. This late
substitution (88+ minutes) should only be done to introduce players who have not played at a certain level, or
in an extreme case, to reward players who have made a special contribution in the game.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION (Dashboard)
- PLAYERS AND COACHES DASHBOARD
- Goals scored vs Goals conceded
- Percentage of time on the ball the other team spends in the low regions.
- Percentage of time on the ball our team spends in the low regions.
47
-
Number of corners
-
COACHES DASHBOARD
High Risk Ratio: Possession ratio in the heights
Possession Ratio
Strategic Possession Ratio: Possession % in sections of the match (9 sections +)
Number of successful tackles vs number of tackles attempted
Low Risk Ratio: Number of throw ins in attacking third vs Number of throw ins in
defensive third
Ball height Ratio: Number of air vs bouncing vs ground passes
CM time on ball
Communication within Power Circle
Communication within Wing Circle
Ratio of defensive situations in which DW retrieves the ball for distribution
-
-
POSITIONAL/TECHNICAL DASHBOARD
Completed passes within circle
DW only: entry passes completed to CM vs defensive passes to PD
MW only: successful completed passes to CF and PF from heights
WORKING FROM CRICKET STATISTICS METHODS









Team records
Shooting records
Passing Records
Defensive positioning
Dribbling
Defensive coverage and dispossessions
Trapping
Partnership records
Individual records
48
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Awi, Fellipe, Rogério Daflon and Tadeu de Aguiar. 2005. Sem voz na boca do túnel. Jornal O Globo[online].
24 April 2005 http://oglobo.globo.com/jornal/esportes/167763226.asp
Besson, Sherwyn. 2003. Rationed Freedoms Bloomington, IN: 1st Books.
Bolly, Moussa. 2003. Awa Coulibaly “Mamah”, joueuse de football: “Le football contribue à l’émancipation
feminine.” Amina, June 2003, 62.
The Economist. 2003. Beckonomics. The Economist, June 14th 2003, 53.
Galeano, Eduardo. 2003. El fútbol a sol y sombra. 2nd ed. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Hoberman, John. 1997. Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved The
Myth of Race. Boston, Mariner Books.
Lines, Gill. The sports star in the media: The gendered construction and youthful consumption of sports
personalities. In Power Games: A Critical Sociology of Sport edited by John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson.
London: Routledge, 2002.
49
Lowrey, James, Sam Neatrour and John Williams. Fact Sheet 16: The Bosman Ruling, Football Transfers
and Foreign Footballers [online] Centre for the Sociology of Sport, University of Leicester. August 2002
Available from Internet: <http://www.le.ac.uk/so/css/resources/factsheets/fs16.html>
Maguire, John. 1999. Global Sport: Identities, Societies, Civilizations.
Cambridge: Polity Press
Mangan, John A. Introduction: Sport and Industrialization. In Pleasure, Profit and Proselytism: British
Culture and Sport at Home and Abroad edited by John A. Mangan. London: Frank Cass, 1992.
Robinson, Laura. 2002. Black Tights: Women, Sport and Sexuality. Toronto: HarperCollins.
Scraton, Sheila and Anne Flintoff, eds. 2002. Gender and Sport: A Reader London: Routledge.
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PhotoBank
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