Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth Century
Crisis: War and Revolution
Name__________________________________Date__________Period______Score_____
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The long-range and immediate causes of World War I
The initial expectations, and the changing course of the war
The affect of the war on belligerents’ governmental, political, economic, and
social institutions
The causes of the Russian Revolution, and the Bolshevik takeover
The Paris Peace Conference: objectives and final settlement
The relationship between World War I and the Russian Revolution
Lecture Outline
I.
The Road to World War I
A.
Nationalism and Internal Dissent
1.
Nationalism
a.
Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring
peace
b.
Led to competition instead of cooperation
c.
Brinkmanship
2.
Internal dissent
a.
Ethnic tensions
b.
Growing power of Socialist labor movements
B.
Militarism
1.
Conscription
2.
Influence of military leaders
C.
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914
1.
The effects of the Balkan Wars prior to 1914
2.
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia,
June 28, 1914
3.
Germany gives “full support” to Austria
4.
Russian mobilization
5.
Schlieffen Plan
1
II.
III.
IV.
VI.
The War 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate
A.
European attitudes toward the beginning of war
B.
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
C.
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
D.
Russian Failures
1.
Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
2.
Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
E.
Austrian Failures
1.
Galicia and Serbia
2.
Germans come to Austria’s aid
The War 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter
A.
Trench warfare
1.
“No-man’s land”
2.
“Softening up” the enemy
3.
Battle of Verdun, 70,000 lost
4.
Battle of the Somme, 1916
a.
Heaviest one-day loss in World War I
The Widening of the War
A.
August 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war
1.
Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
B.
May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-Hungary
C.
September 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central Powers
D.
Middle East
1.
Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935)
E.
April 1917: Entry of the United States
1.
The United States tried to remain neutral
2.
Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915
3.
Return to unrestricted submarine warfare January 1917
4.
United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
5.
Bolshevik Revolution, 1917
V.
A New Kind of Warfare
A.
Air Power
1.
1915: first use of airplanes on the battle-front
2.
German use of zeppelins
B.
Tanks
1.
1916: first use of tanks on the battlefield
2.
Early tanks ineffective
3.
1918: British Mark V first effective tank
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
A.
Government centralization
B.
Conscription
C.
Effects on Economies
D.
Public Order and Public Opinion
1.
Dealing with unrest
2.
Defense of the Realm Act
3.
Propaganda
2
E.
Social Impact of Total War
1.
Labor benefits
2.
New Roles of women
a.
Male concern over wages
b.
Women began to demand equal pay
c.
Gains for women
VII.
The Russian Revolution
A.
War and Discontent
1.
Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler
2.
Russia not prepared for war
3.
Influence of Rasputin
B.
The March Revolution
1.
Problems in Petrograd
2.
March of the women, March 8, 1917
3.
Calls for a general strike
4.
Soldiers join the marchers
5.
Provisional Government takes control
a.
Alexander Kerensky *1881-1970)
b.
Tried to carry on the war
c.
Soviets sprang up
6.
Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov, 1870-1924
a.
Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans
b.
“Peace, land and bread”
C.
The Bolshevik Revolution
1.
Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow soviets
2.
Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917
3.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918
D.
Civil War
1.
Bolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) army
2.
Murder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918)
3.
Disunity among the white army
4.
Communists and “War communism”
5.
Invasion of allied troops
6.
1921: Communists victory
VIII. The Last Year of the War
A.
Last German offensive, March 21-Jly 18, 1918
B.
Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918
C.
General Ludendorff informs German leaders that the war is lost
D.
William II abdicates, November 9, 1918
E.
Republic established
F.
Armistice, November 11, 1918
G.
The Casualties of the War
1.
8 to 9 million soldiers killed, 22 million wounded
IX.
Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary
A.
Revolution in Germany
1.
Division of German Socialists
2.
Formation of two governments
3.
Failure of radicals to achieve control
3
B.
X.
XI.
XII.
Revolution in Austria
1.
Ethnic upheaval
2.
Formation of independent republics
The Peace Settlement
A.
Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations
B.
Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
C.
Pragmatism of other states
D.
Lloyd George determined to make Germany pay
E.
Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security
F.
January 25, 1919, the principle of the League of Nations adopted
The Treaty of Versailles
A.
Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman
Empire)
B.
The most important was the Treaty of Versailles, June 18, 1919
1.
Article 231, War Guilt Clause
2.
100,000 man army
3.
Loss of Alsace and Lorraine
4.
Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state
5.
German charges of a “dictated peace”
The Other Peace Treaties
A.
German and Russian Empires lost territory in eastern Europe
B.
New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
C.
Romania acquired additional lands from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria
D.
Yugoslavia
E.
Compromises will lead to future problems
F.
Minorities in every eastern European states
G.
Ottoman Empire dismembered
1.
Promises of independence of Arab states in the Middle East
2.
Mandates
a.
France – Lebanon and Syria
b.
Britain – Iraq and Palestine
H.
United States Senate rejects the Versailles Peace Treaty
Psalms 25: 8 Who is this king of glory? The Lord, a mighty warrior, the Lord mighty in battle
Psalm 24:1 The earth is the Lord’s and all it holds,
the world and those who live there
4
CHAPER 25 SUMMARY
The text rightly calls World War I the defining event of the twentieth century. The June 28,
1914, assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, by a Serbian
terrorist, was the final spark. National rivalries were compounded by ethnic groups who had yet to
secure their own “nation.” Social and class conflict led politicians to engage in foreign adventures to
distract the masses. Conscript armies were ready. Perennial conflict in the Balkans threatened a wider
war, given the tight-knit alliance systems. Austria, after receiving a “blank check” by Germany, declared
war against Serbia on July 28. Germany declared war on Russia after the latter’s military mobilization.
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan was to attack France through neutral Belgium. By August 4, the Great War
had begun. Initially there was great enthusiasm. War gave excitement to ordinary lives and most
assumed that it would soon be over The Germans drove the Russians back in the east, but in the west a
stalemate developed, with trenches extending from the Swiss border to the English Channel, defined by
barbed wire and machine guns. Attacking troop had to cross “no man’s land”: 21,000 British died on the
first day of the Battle of Somme. Artillery, poison gas, seasonal mud, and ever-present rats and
decaying corpses added to the carnage.
The Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Italy adhered to the Entente. After German
submarine attacks, the United States entered the war in 1917. Conscription ensured a steady supply of
soldiers. Governments took the economic lead, especially in producing munitions, and wage and price
controls were instituted. Propaganda was employed to keep up morale and newspapers were censored.
Many women entered the labor force, and after the war were given the vote in the United States and
Britain. Fortunes were made by some, but inflation hurt many.
Russian was unprepared for war, lacking a large industrial base or adequate leadership, and
public support waned because of military losses. When bread rationing was introduced in March 1917,
women demonstrated in the streets of St. Petersburg/Petrograd. The Duma established a Provisional
government and Nicholas abdicated on March 15. But socialist soviets, or workers’ councils, challenged
the new government’s legitimacy. A faction of the Marxist Social Democrats were the revolutionary
Bolsheviks of V.I. Lenin, who returned to Petrograd in April, where he campaigned for “Peace, Land, and
Bread” and “All Power to the Soviets.” The war was increasingly unpopular, and in November, the
Bolsheviks seized power. Lenin established a dictatorship and signed a costly peace with Germany. Civil
war broke out between the Bolshevik Reds and the Whites, who were unable to agree politically and
militarily. Able military leaders, interior lines of defense, and “revolutionary terror” led to the
Bolsheviks to victory by 1921.
After Russia’s withdrawal from the war, Germany launched a massive attack in the west.
However, the war had taken its toll in Germany, and in the fall, after American troops entered the
conflict, the German government collapsed. On November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed. Riots
occurred in Germany, but an attempted Bolshevik revolution failed. The peace delegates gathered at
Paris in January 1919. Some, like America’s Woodrow Wilson, had idealistic hopes, including an
association of nations to preserve the peace. Others wanted to punish Germany. The most important
of five separate treaties was the Treaty of Versailles; Article 231 required Germany to accept guilt for
causing the war and pay reparations. Its army was reduced to 100,000 and it lost territory to France and
Poland. The Austrian and Ottoman empires were casualties of the war and the subsequent treaties.
The United States refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and did not the join the League of Nations,
the institution that was to guarantee permanent peace.
5
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1914
Europe
1915
1916
__Assassination of Archduke
Frances Ferdinand
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
_________________
Battle of Verdun
_____United States enters the war
______First Battle of the Marne
_____Eastern Rebellion in Ireland
____Ministry of Munitions in Britain
____Surrender of Germany
___Second Battle of the Marne
___November Revolution in Germany
Russia
___
Bolshevik Revolution
_________________________________________________________
Civil War in Russia
Time Line Chapter 25
6
7
ESSAY
1.
Ignoring the assassination of Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, was World War I
inevitable?
ANS:
2.
What goals did the warring nations of Europe have as they entered the war, and did those
goals changed as the war progressed?
ANS:
3.
Discuss the course of the first two years of World War I: Why did many people expect a short
war? Why was it not a short war? Why did World War I become a “war of attrition”? Why
did the warring nations, worn out the end of 1916, not make peace?
ANS:
4.
Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
ANS:
5.
How did wartime governments maintain public order and mobilize public opinion during the
course of the war? Compare these actions with those taken by governments in previous wars.
ANS:
6.
Discuss the effects of World War I on political life, economic affairs, the social classes, and
women.
ANS:
7.
Was World War I the end of an era or simply a continuation? Explain.
ANS:
8
8.
Write a brief history of the Russian Revolution by discussing the following questions: What
caused the Russian Revolution? How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks manage to seize and hold
power despite their small numbers? How did the Bolsheviks secure their power during the civil
war?
ANS:
9.
How did the Russian Revolution alter the dynamics of European statecraft and policy during
the waning months of the war and into the time of the Paris Peace Conference?
ANS:
10.
Can the Treaty of Versailles be viewed as a successful settlement of the war? Why or why not?
ANS:
11.
Were there any realistic alternatives to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, given the
causes and the consequences of the war and its impact upon western civilization?
ANS:
12.
Who “won” World War I, and what did they “win”?
ANS:
IDENTIFICATIONS
1.
No Man’s Land
ANS:
2.
Black Hand
ANS:
9
3.
conscription
ANS:
4.
Sarajevo
ANS:
5.
“blank check”
ANS:
6.
the Schlieffen Plan
ANS:
7.
First Battle of the Marne
ANS:
8.
Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes
ANS:
9.
trench warfare
ANS:
10.
Verdun and the Somme
ANS:
10
11.
the machine gun and poison gas
ANS:
12.
Central Powers
ANS:
13.
Lawrence of Arabia
ANS:
14.
the Lusitania
ANS:
15.
unrestricted submarine warfare
ANS:
16.
tanks
ANS:
17.
“total war”
ANS:
18.
Germany’s War Raw Materials Board
ANS:
11
19.
Britain’s Ministry of Munitions
ANS:
20.
Hindenburg and Ludendorf
ANS:
21.
George Clemenceau
ANS:
22.
Ireland’s Eastern Rebellion
ANS:
23.
Defense of the Realm Act
ANS:
24.
the Nineteenth Amendment
ANS:
25.
Nicholas II and Alexandra
ANS:
26.
Rasputin
ANS:
12
27.
Petrograd
ANS:
28.
“Peace, land, and bread”
ANS:
29.
soviets
ANS:
30.
Bolsheviks
ANS:
31.
V.I. Lenin
ANS:
32.
the “April Thesis”
ANS:
33.
Alexander Kerensky
ANS:
34.
Treat of Brest-Litovsk
ANS:
13
35.
Reds and Whites
ANS:
36.
Leon Trotsky
ANS:
37.
“war communism”
ANS:
38.
Alexandra Kollontai and the Zhenotdel
ANS:
39.
the Cheka
ANS:
40.
Second Battle of the Marne
ANS:
41.
November 11, 1918
ANS:
42.
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Free Corp
ANS:
14
43.
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
ANS:
44.
Treaty of Versailles
ANS:
45.
League of Nations
ANS:
46.
Article 231
ANS:
47.
reparations
ANS:
48.
“dictated peace”
ANS:
49.
Yugoslavia
ANS:
50.
League of Nations’ mandates
ANS:
15
Psalm 27:1 The Lord is my light and my salvation: whom do I fear?
16
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 25
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
17
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 25
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
18
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 25
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
19
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 25
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
20
Critical Thinking Questions
21
Focus Questions and Answers European History Chapter 25
Name_________________________________________________Period______________Date_____________Score___________
1.
The long-range and immediate causes of World War I
22
2. The initial expectations, and the changing course of the war
23
3.
The affect of the war on belligerents’ governmental, political, economic, and
social institutions
24
4.
The causes of the Russian Revolution, and the Bolshevik takeover
25
5.
The Paris Peace Conference: objectives and final settlement
26
6.
The relationship between World War I and the Russian Revolution
27
Spill over Focus Questions and Answers
___________
28