TAXONOMY- the science of
naming and classifying organisms
• Aristotle: grouped plants and animals
based on similarities
• Greeks & Romans-major groups
called “genus” (means group)
• Carl Linnaeus-(1707-1778) - Sweden-gave organisms a 2 word name...
Binomial Nomenclature
• Means “2 word naming system”
• 2 words are
– Genus (1st word—1st letter always
capitalized)
– species (2nd word—all lower case)
• Both words should either be underlined
or in italics (italics only if typed)
• this is considered the Scientific name!
Universal Language =
Latin
• Provides a standard for communication
among biologists, regardless of their
native language
• 2 different organisms cannot have the
same scientific name
• organisms can share one part of their
scientific name w/another organism.
Hierarchical System
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Domain
Kingdom Dear King Phillip Came Over For
Good Soup
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
{SCIENTIFIC NAME}
species
5 or 6 Kingdoms?
• 5 Kingdom System: Monera
(Bacteria), Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
• 6 Kingdom System:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Animalia
Species
• Generally defined as a group of
organisms that can breed to
produce fertile offspring
• All dogs are one species
• Horses and donkeys are
different species because when
they breed, their offspring
(mules) are sterile!
Phylogenetic Tree
• Branched diagram that
represents relationships
of organisms
• Clues to relationships
found
– Fossil record
– Comparative anatomy
and physiology
– Correlation of DNA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.med.nyu.edu/rcr/rcr/course/tree.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.med.nyu.edu/rcr/rcr/course/intro-6.html&h=277&w=320&sz=3&tbnid=ic9oH7QgwmaWlM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dphylogenetic%2Btree%26um%3D1&start=2&sa=X&oi=images&ct=image&cd=2
DICHOTOMOUS KEYS
• Key used to identify something, like
organisms
• Uses pairs of contrasting descriptions (A or B)
• The correct description either leads to
another pair of descriptions or identifies the
object.
• Always start at #1 each time you use one.
Help! Scientists have discovered quite a few
new creatures on planet Pamishan. They need
your help to identify and classify them. Use
the dichotomous key to identify these
creatures.
1
2
Planet Pamishan
1. a. The creature has a large wide head............................go to 2
b. The creature has a small narrow head..........................go to 11
2. a. It has 3 eyes ................................................go to 3
b. It has 2 eyes ................................................go to 7
3. a. There is a star in the middle of its chest....................go to 4
b. There is no star in the middle of its chest ..................go to 6
4. a. The creature has hair spikes .................................Broadus hairus
b. The creature has no hair spikes...............................go to 5
5. a. The bottom of the creature is arch-shaped ....................Broadus archus
b. The bottom of the creature is M-shaped .......................Broadus emmus
6. a. The creature has an arch-shaped bottom .......................Broadus plainus
b. The creature has an M-shaped bottom...........................Broadus tritops
7. a. The creature has hairy spikes ................................go to 8
b. The creature has no spikes....................................go to 10
8. a. There is a star in the middle of its body ....................Broadus hairystarus
b. The is no star in the middle of its body .....................go to 9
9. a. The creature has an arch shaped bottom .......................Broadus hairyemmus
b. The creature has an M shaped bottom ..........................Broadus kiferus
10. a. The body is symmetrical ......................................Broadus walter
b. The body is not symmetrical...................................Broadus anderson
11. a. The creature has no antennae .................................go to 12
b. The creature has antennae ....................................go to 14
12. a. There are spikes on the face .................................Narrowus wolfus
b. There are no spikes on the face ..............................go to 13
13. a. The creature has no spike anywhere ...........................Narrowus blankus
b. There are spikes on the left leg ............................Narrowus starboardus
14. a. The creature has 2 eyes.......................................go to 15
b. The creature has 1 eye........................................Narrowus cyclops
15. a. The creature has a mouth......................................go to 16
b. The creature has no mouth.....................................go to 17
16. a. There are spikes on the right leg .............................Narrowus portus
b. There are no spikes at all ...................................Narrowus plainus
17. a. The creature has spikes ......................................go to 18
b. The creature has no spikes ...................................Narrowus georginia
18. a. There are spikes on the head .................................go to 19
b. There are spikes on the left leg.............................Narrowus montanian
19. a. There are spikes covering the face ...........................Narrowus beardus
b. There are spikes only on the outside edge of head ............Narrowus fuzzus
6 Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
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Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
• These 2 are
sometimes combined
together to form the
Monera Kingdom
when only 5
Kingdoms are used
Cell Types
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Most 1 -10 μm in size
• Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago
• Only Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria
Kingdoms
• Has nucleus
• Many organelles
• Many 2-1,000 μm in
size
• Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago
• Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia Kingdoms
Types of Nutrition:
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs:
1.) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the
sun to make its own food
2.) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients
such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into
living tissue; makes its own food.
*All autotrophs make their own food!
•Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own
food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes
•Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food
particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested
molecules
Bacteria Shapes
Coccus (spherical shaped)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Singular
Singular
Coccus
Coccus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Spirillum
Spirillum
Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)
Plural
Plural
coccicocci
bacilli
bacilli
spirilla
spirilla
methanic
halophile
halophile
methanic
halophile
sulfurous
Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae
cyanobacteria
2.6 billion years old
3.2 billion years old
Algal mats preserved in rock
Modern day
Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue
Kingdom Protista
from microscopic to 150 feet large
(the “catch-all kingdom”)