Islam Identifications
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Muslim: person who follows Islam
Ka’aba: Islam’s holiest shrine – located in Mecca
Qu’ran: secret text, holy book of Islam
Mecca: birth place of Islam, holiest city, Saudi Arabia
Mosque: Muslim house of worship
Allah: Arabic for God same as J and C
Medina: first Islamic community, 2nd Holy city, Muhammad
gains political and religious power
• Hejira: 622 – Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina;
marks first expansion of Islam
• Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest city to Islam – Dome of the Rock
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Five Pillars of Islam (#3)
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Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
Prayers (Salah)
Charity (Sawm)
Fasting (Zakat)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
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The Rise and
Spread of
Islam
Arabia in the 7th Century
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Arabian People
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Nomads/Bedouins
Farmers
Traders
Tribes
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Paganism
• Worshipped many
gods
• Chief god was
“Allah” meaning
simply “the God.”
Al-Uzza
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Mecca
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Trade
Routes
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Muhammad (#4)
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Born CE 570
From Quraysh tribe
Marries Khadija
Merchant/trader
Meditated in desert
Daughter Fatima
married to cousin Ali
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Muhammad (#5)
• Final Prophet/Founder
of Islam
– Means to
surrender/submit (#2)
• Messages from God
compiled in the Qur’an
• Spread the message of
one God
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Medina and Hejira 622
Marks the beginning of expansion of Islam (#10)
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Jerusalem
• “Night Journey” from
the nearest mosque to
the farthest (“al-Aqsa”)
mosque - 619 AD
Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem
The Night Journey
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People of the Book (# 6)
• Muhammad’s Term for Jews and Christians
– Cause followed Gods teachings
• Old and New Testament were God’s words but
had been corrupted over time
• Christianity and Judaism influenced Islam
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Return to Mecca – 628AD
Mecca
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Kaaba
• Housed 360 idols
• Muhammad Smashed idols
and dedicated to God (360)
(#5)
• Pilgrimages during holy
month Dhul-Hijjah
Ka’bah
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What do you think?
What are some of the implications that flowed from
Muhammad’s smashing the idols at the Ka’bah?
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“Farewell Speech”
• Tribes throughout
Arabia acknowledged
Muhammad’s authority
and converted to Islam
• Muhammad delivered
farewell speech in 632
• Muhammad died
without designating a
successor
Mosque of the Prophet, Medina
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Schism
• Disagreement over style and
qualifications
• Bloody massacre
• (#11) Split into Sunni and
Shi’a during Umayyad
Dynasty – date?
• over the choosing of caliph
– successor to Muhammad
as leader of Islamic
community (#11)
• (#12) Sunni – 80% caliph
based on merit – anyone
• Shi'ite/Shi’a – caliph
descendent of Muhammad
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Shrine at Karbala
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7. Hadith and Koran make up the Shariah
Shariah – sacred law of Islam
8. oneness of God and Muhammad Final Prophet
9. Birth, Marriage, Death
10. Hejira (622), Muslim Army united by
Jihad (to struggle to be the best Muslim/Holy War)
and promise of riches, resentment of foreign rule,
Conversion (equality of believers), tolerance
11. Umayyad, choosing a caliph
12. Shi’a (Shiite) and Sunni
13. Halal
In Arabic, the word halal means permitted or lawful.
Halal foods are foods that are allowed under Islamic dietary guidelines
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No pork or alcohol
Five Pillars of Islam
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Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
Prayers (Salah)
Charity (Sawm)
Fasting (Zakat)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
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Ramadan (#14)
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9th month of the Islamic/lunar calendar
Month that Qur'an to Muhammad
Fasting from sunup to sundown
Focus on relationship with God/spiritually
Night of Power:
– last days of the month it is believed that
Muhammad first received the Qur'an.
• Eid ul-Fitr:
– holiday that marks the end of Ramadan and fasting
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Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
Similarities
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Monotheism
Prophethood
Old Testament
Golden Rule
10 Commandments
Jerusalem Holy
Judgment Day
Heaven
Prayer
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Fasting
Charity
Coming of Age
Pilgrimage
Dietary Laws
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Umayyads (661–750)
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Umayyad Culture
Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem
Al-Aqsa (“furthest”) mosque, built CE 715
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Shi’ism Today
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Umayyad Decline
• Fragmentation
– split
• Non-Arabs
• Leadership
problems
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Abbasids (750–1258)
First 100 years 1st Golden Age (#15)
Because of economic power, medicine, science, math,
and architecture
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Abbasid Culture
• Trade revival
• Arabic numerals
• Algebra
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Science and Medicine
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Astrolabe
Medicine
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Muhammad Al-Razi
Astrolabe
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Hadith
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Mosques
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Abbasid Decline
Mosque of Abbasid Caliph AlMutawakkil
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The Moors:
The Visigoths had ruled Spain until 711, when the Moors crossed into
Spain from North Africa. For the next three centuries, the Moors
controlled most of Spain by establishing a “caliphate,” or religious
center, in Cordoba. Spain enjoyed a “golden age.” The Moors were able
administrators who built Spain into a thriving center of culture and
scholarship. The Moors were Muslims, but they were generally tolerant
of the Christians and Jews who lived in Spain. Spanish Jews benefited
from the tolerant policies of the Moors. This enabled them to have one of
the most prosperous periods in their history.
Christian kingdoms in northern Spain and France slowly began the
Reconquista (or reconquest) of Spain, a struggle that lasted almost 500
years. Quarrels among the Moors led to the overthrow of the caliphate of
Cordoba in 1031. The Moors remained in Spain until King Ferdinand of
Aragon, and Queen Isabella of Castille merged their kingdoms and
forced the Muslims and Jews to leave Spain
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Row 5
16. Life long learners/education important
- translated Greek and Sanskrit works on philosophy and
science
House of Wisdom – Baghdad – Al Mamun
– preserved ancient learning – diffused to Europe
17. Medicine: Diagnosis/treatment/qualifying examinations
Muhammad al-Razi and Ibn Sina – all influenced the West
Math – algebra
Science
Architecture - minarets
18. Letters of credit – receipts – bills of lading
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Comparison of Statistics and Basics
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
adherents called
Muslims
Jews
Christians
current adherents
1.3 billion
14 million
2 billion
current size rank
2nd largest
12th largest
largest
major
concentration
Middle East,
Southeast Asia
Israel, Europe,
USA
Europe, North and
South America, rapid
growth in Africa
sacred text
Qur'an (Koran)
Bible
Bible (Jewish Bible +
New Testament)
other written
authority
Hadith
Talmud, Midrash,
Responsa
church fathers, church
councils, papal decrees
(Catholic only)
religious law
Sharia
Halakhah
Canon Law
clergy
imams
rabbis
priests, ministers,
pastors, bishops
mosque
synagogue
church, chapel,
cathedral
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
house of worship
main day of
worship
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Comparison of Origins and History
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
date founded
622 CE
unknown
c. 33 CE
place founded
Saudi Arabia
Palestine (def)
Palestine
founder
Muhammad
Moses or
Abraham
Jesus
Arabic
Hebrew
Aramaic, Greek
little expansion;
mostly confined
to Palestine
within 60 years,
churches in major cities
in Palestine, Turkey,
Greece and Rome
(map); entire Roman
Empire by end of 4th
cent.
original
language(s)
early expansion
major splits
within 12 years,
entire Arabian
peninsula; within 100
years, Muslim world
stretched from the
Atlantic to China
Shia/Sunni, c. 650
CE
Catholic/Orthodox, 1054
Reform/Orthodox,
CE; Catholic/Protestant,
1800s CE
1500s CE
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Comparison of Religious Beliefs
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
type of theism
strict monotheism
strict monotheism
Trinitarian monotheism
ultimate reality
one God
one God
one God
names of God
Allah (Arabic for God)
Yahweh, Elohim
Yahweh, the Holy Trinity
other spiritual beings
angels, demons, jinn
angels and demons
angels and demons
revered humans
prophets, imams
(especially in Shia)
prophets
saints, church fathers
identity of Jesus
true prophet of God, whose
message has been
corrupted
not prophet
Son of God, God incarnate,
savior of the world
Not part of beliefs
Not part of beliefs
affirmed
through Muhammad,
recorded in Qur'an
through Prophets,
recorded in Bible
through Prophets and Jesus
(as God Himself), recorded in
Bible
correct belief, good deeds,
Five Pillars
belief in God, good
deeds
correct belief, faith, good
deeds, sacraments (some
Protestants emphasize faith
alone)
eternal paradise: heaven
views vary: heaven
eternal heaven
Jews and Christians are
respected as "People of the
Book," but they have wrong
beliefs and only partial
revelation.
Islam and Christianity
are false
interpretations and
extensions of Judaism.
Judaism is a true religion, but
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with incomplete revelation.
resurrection of Jesus
divine revelation
means of salvation
good afterlife
view of fellow
Abrahamic religions