NSB 230 – MICROBIOLOGY
1.
What is the principal of antimicrobial therapy?
2.
What are the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug?
3.
Define a.
Chemotherapy b.
Prophylaxis c.
Antimicrobial
CHAPTER 12 – STUDY GUIDE
4.
What is the difference between an antibiotic, a semisynthetic drug, and a synthetic drug?
5.
What organisms are natural sources of antibiotics?
6.
What advantage does a microorganism have from producing antibiotics?
7.
Enumerate and briefly describe the mechanisms of drug action on a bacterial cell.
8.
What is the difference between a narrow spectrum and a broad spectrum antimicrobial drug?
9.
What is the target of penicillins and cephalosporins?
10.
What is the target of cycloserine? And vancomycin?
11.
Why is it safe to target bacterial or fungal cell walls with antimicrobials?
12.
What is the target of polymyxins?
13.
How do amphotericin B and nystatin affect the cell membrane of fungal cells?
14.
Why is it safe to target prokaryotic ribosomes with antimicrobials?
15.
What are the specific targets of: a.
Aminoglycosides b.
Tetracyclines c.
Chloramphenicol d.
Erythromycin e.
Oxazolidinones
16.
How do antimicrobial drugs target metabolic pathways in bacterial cells? Give examples of these drugs.
17.
Why is it safe to target the folic acid synthesis pathway of bacteria with antimicrobials? Why is it folic acid synthesis important for bacterial cells?
18.
Describe beta-lactam antimicrobials. Name examples of beta-lactams.
19.
List the different penicillins studied in class, describe the use, advantages and disadvantages of each.
20.
What are penicillinases? Why are these important?
21.
What is clavulanic acid and how is it used?
22.
What are the advantages of cephalosporins? Why are there “generations” of these drugs?
23.
What type of antimicrobial is iminipem? What are its characteristics?
24.
What type of antimicrobial is aztreonam? What are its characteristics?
25.
What type of antimicrobial is vancomycin? Describe its characteristics.
26.
What type of antimicrobial is bacitracin? Describe its characteristics.
27.
What type of antimicrobial is isoniazid? Describe its characteristics.
28.
How do polymixins function? Describe their characteristics.
29.
How do fluoroquinolones function? What are their advantages?
30.
How does rifampin function? Describe its characteristics.
31.
What type of antimicrobial is tobramycin? What is its principal application?
32.
Why is chloramphenicol’s use restricted?
33.
What characteristic makes
34.
Describe the characteristics and use of a.
Fosfomycin trimethamine b.
Synercid c.
Daptomycin
difficult to treat? d.
Ketolides e.
Oxazolidinones
35.
Name and describe the targets and characteristics of the five antifungal drug groups.
36.
Why is it difficult to treat fungal infections?
37.
How do antihelminthic drugs affect these organisms? Briefly describe the effects of mebendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel, and niclosamide.

38.
Name and describe the modes of action of antiviral drugs.
39.
Why are viral infections difficult to treat?
40.
Describe the mode of action of the following drugs and the viruses or group of viruses they target: a.
Fuzeon b.
Maravoc c.
Amantadine, rimantidine d.
Relenza and Tamiflu e.
Acyclovirs and other “cyclovirs” f.
Nucleoside analog RT inhibitors g.
Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors h.
Raltegravir i.
Saquinavir, Crixivan
41.
What are the two targets of chemotherapy against retroviruses?
42.
Describe how interferons act as antiviral agents. What are the therapeutic benefits of interferons?
43.
Define antimicrobial drug resistance.
44.
How can resistance be acquired by bacterial cells?
45.
Name and describe the mechanisms of drug resistance in bacterial cells.
46.
Describe how natural selection can influence drug resistance.
47.
Describe strategies to limit drug resistance.
48.
What are the major side effects of chemotherapeutic treatment?
49.
Describe how a superinfection can develop.
50.
What factors should be considered when selecting an antimicrobial drug?
51.
Describe how the Kirby-Bauer test, the e-test and the tube dilution tests are used to determine drug susceptibility.
52.
What is the MIC of an antimicrobial?
53.
What is the therapeutic index of an antimicrobial?