Tanzania efforts in curbing
corruption
PRESENTED AT THE GBS ANNUAL REVIEW
BoT CONFERENCE HALL
23 NOVEMBER, 2009
Dr. Edward G. Hoseah,
Director General
Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
P.O. Box 4865, Dar es salaam
Tel: 21500343-6, Fax: 2150047
Email: dgeneral@pccb.go.tz
Website: www.pccb.go.tz
Presentation on the Tanzania Efforts
in curbing corruption (Progress made
as of October 2009)
The presentation will cover:
PCCB functions and Mission (Part 1);
Achievements on anti-corruption efforts (Part 2);
NACSAP II Implementation (Part 3);
National Corruption Survey 2009 (Part 4);
NACSAP II - M&E Framework (Part 5); and
Challenges and the Way Forward
PCCB functions and Mission
The PCCB, is a law enforcement institution established and
mandated by the PCCA No. 11 of 2007
Mandate: to (a) prevent corruption, (b) educate the society ,
and (c) enforce the law against corruption.
Section 5 of this law establishes the Bureau as an
independent public body
Section 7 sets out its functions.
Mandate and operations - limited to Tanzania Mainland.
PCCB adopted the three-prong approach namely:
prevention, public awareness, investigation and
prosecution.
…PCCB functions and Mission
Vision: The PCCB aspires to, and is committed to being at
the forefront of fighting corruption in Tanzania while striving
to be an exemplar of Excellence, efficiency, effectiveness
and economy by the year 2025.
Mission: Working together with all stakeholders to fight
corruption by making it high risk with low returns through
Education, Prevention, detection and prosecution.
PCCB has 7 high levels goals to strategically fight
corruption with resolve and commitment.
General Achievements
Brief Statistics on status of cases:
A total of 4,936 allegations were received in 2009 as
compared to 6,137 in 2008 and 8,235 in 2007. (Not all
allegations are related to corruption)
A total of 720 cases were investigated as compared to 928
cases in 2008 and 1,266 cases in 2007
A total of 1,003 were completed investigations as compared
to 936 in 2008 (figure to increase as we close the year).
A total of 29 administrative actions taken against public
servants proven to be inclined to take bribes and other
corrupt behavior, as compared to 74 in 2008 and 280 in
2007
…General Achievements
A total of 135 files have been transferred to other watchdog
institutions as compared to 184 in 2008 (a decline from last
year)
Thus 19% of cases investigated, have been referred to
other agencies as compared to 20% in 2008.
So far 169 new cases have been filed into courts as
compared to 147 in 2008 (15% increase from 2008).
So far 437 cases have been prosecuted as compared to
416 in 2008 (5% increase from 2008)
In 2009, PCCB has recorded 35 convictions as compared to
37 in 2008 (more cases still in court and some will be
completed before the end of the year)
…General Achievements
PCCB had 53 cases acquittal (in 2009) as compared to 71
in 2008 (number of acquitted cases are becoming minimal).
So far total money recovered by the PCCB operations is
Tshs. 86,951 million (US$ 67 million). Still more will be
saved before end of financial year.
PCCB investigates at least 5 grand corruption cases per
year and the rest are medium or petty corruption cases.
Currently (2009) PCCB is prosecuting a total of 17 grand
corruption cases as compared to 14 cases in 2008 and only
1 case in 2007.
…General Achievements
Decline or increase in specific figures would mean:
1. Positive effects of efforts (i.e. less cases acquitted).
2. Cooperation from the judiciary.
3. Other factors will be shown in Perception Survey slide.
What follows is a summary table on status of all cases since
1995.
…General Achievements
TOTAL
145
245
289
200
304
276
285
732
540
458
540
1,688
2,015
936
1,003
9,656
1
42
21
126
111
209
280
74
29
893
95
209
234
154
222
36
25
2
496
460
184
135
2,252
8
21
9
15
62
49
57
52
51
60
50
71
196
147
169
1,017
16
34
18
31
47
42
53
191
178
202
218
251
352
416
437
-
1
2
1
2
9
6
12
9
6
6
18
35
37
40
184
7
9
4
6
25
3
12
28
8
10
28
45
71
53
309
Saved Money/
Asset recovered
Acquittal cases
Conviction cases
Total cases
Prosecuted
New cases into
courts
261
513
510
545
1,116
1,244
1,354
1,383
1,796
1,149
677
1,528
1,266
928
720
14,990
Files transferred to
other agencies
261
513
510
545
1,116
1,244
1,354
1,383
2,285
2,223
3,121
6,320
8,235
6,137
4,936
40,183
Administrative
actions taken
Cases Investigated
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009 (Oct)
Allegations
received
YEARS
Completed
Investigation files
Summary table:
2,706,800,000/=
1,900,651,000/=
6,932,950,000/=
9,300,478,000/=
14,795,169,650/=
11,100,000,000/=
2,500,000,000/=
2,714,199,000/=
3,800,266,000/=
4,000,216,000/=
2,500,600,000/=
1,301,492,528/=
1,580,099,081/=
13,203,459,357/=
420,3444,540/=
86,951,894,206/=
Regional Perspective
The Transparency International (TI) report released on 2nd
July, 2009 has named Tanzania as the least corrupt nation
in the East African region, with Kenya topping the list for
having the highest incidence of bribes.
According to the East African bribery index 2009 report
Tanzania remains the least bribery-tainted in East Africa
with a corruption incidence of 17%.
Country
Bribery Incidence (%)
Rank
Kenya
45
1
Uganda
35
2
Tanzania
17
3
Transparency International CPI Score
from 1998 – 2009 for Tanzania, Kenya
and Uganda
3.5
3
Score out of 10
2.5
2
Tanzania
1.5
Kenya
1
Uganda
0.5
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Years
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…Transparency International CPI Score of
2009: Why Tanzania has dropped?
1. These are just perceptions, they do not necessarily
represent the real factual situation on the ground.
2. For the past three years the some of the print Media had
reported continuously on corruption issues to the extent that
as if nothing is being done by the government in curbing
corruption.
3. The instrumentalities to gather data used by
Transparency International are predominantly based on
business people perceptions whether the country is
conducive for investment and doing business. Such
objectives are not necessarily the best measurement of
the extent of corruption in the country though the data can
not be ignored.
2009 Mo Ibrahim Foundation Index of
East African Countries’ Governance
No.
East Africa Rank
Overall Score
Overall Rank in Africa
1
Seychelles
77.1
3
2
Tanzania
59.2
12
3
Kenya
53.7
22
4
Uganda
53.6
24
5
Comoros
48.6
31
6
Rwanda
48.5
32
7
Djibouti
46.0
36
8
Ethiopia
45.6
37
9
Burundi
45.3
38
10
Eritrea
37.0
46
11
Sudan
33.4
49
12
Somalia
15.2
53
…Regional Perspective Index
This can be attributed to:
1. Significant internal efforts to reduce corruption
2. Existence of mechanism to report corruption;
3. Political will on the fight against corruption;
4. Behavioral change of citizens due to awareness
campaigns;
5. Participation of more stakeholders in the NACSAP II.
6. Enabling laws against corruption.
Progress of NACSAP II Implementation
The National Anti-Corruption Strategy and Action Plan
II(NACSAP II) was launched on December 10, 2006
NACSAP II (2008-2011) aims to help set up, organize, and
mainstream a sustainable mechanism and responses
against corruption.
Also aims to address NACSAP I challenges by becoming
more focused, robust, relevant and inclusive.
NACSAP is the main vehicle that the Government is using
in its efforts in preventing corruption before it occurs.
NACSAP II is supported by UNDP and GoT (financially and
in kind respectively)
…NACSAP II Implementation
The key executing agencies of NACSAP II are:
1. PCCB (day to day management and implementation of
NACSAP II)
2. GGCU (Monitoring and Evaluation)
3. DPP
4. Others: MDAs, Private Sector, LGAs and the CSOs
The overall policy and strategic guidance to NACSAP
implementation is vested in the National Steering
Committee, whose membership has been widened and
inclusive.
NACSAP II – 8 goals
Goal 1: Combat corruption in a more scientific way and by
addressing its root causes
Goal 2: Ministries, Departments and Agencies of
government.
Goal 3: Local Government Administration (LGA)
Goal 4: The Private Sector into anti-corruption.
Goal 5: CSOs and Non State Actors (i.e. media and FBOs)
Goal 6: Raise public awareness of anticorruption.
Goal 7: Build Synergy between NACSAP and Legislative
and Judicial Integrity Programmes.
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 2:
MDAs
All 25 ministries, 35 Departments, and 68 Agencies have
established a total of 128 Integrity Committees.
Trained 559 members of ICs, (150 females (26%)) on
corruption and ethics (8 departments and 7 agencies are
yet trained).
Functionality of ICs will be evaluated during an M & E
review mechanisms
All MDAs been trained on how to develop anti corruption
action plans, complaints handling mechanisms, Client
Service Charter and how to fill out the quarterly reports for
submission to GGCU.
…NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 2: MDAs
Currently Prison Department has started training its officers
on issues of ethics and the PCCA
The Police Force is also planning to establish ICs at all
levels.
Progress under Goal 2:
1. Development of M&E framework to ensure regular
integrity monitoring meetings is currently under progress
with assistance of the M&E consultant.
2. PPRA is to hire consultant to train MDAs on PPA
Challenges and way forward:
Ensure that the MDAs are producing regular reports with
the establishment of M&E System;
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 3:
LGAs
Integrity Committees (ICs) have been formed in 132 of the
133 LGAs with the initial 4 members per IC.
To date only 104 members of 532 have been trained (in
Corruption and ethic infrastructure and on their role and
responsibility) representing a 20% coverage;
So far it is noted that only 11 LGAs have all the required 4
members trained, 3 LGAs have at least 3 members
trained, 17 LGAs have at least 2 members trained, 17
LGAs have at least 1 member trained, and 84 LGAs have
no member trained.
…NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 3:
LGAs
So far only 15 LGA ICs met at least once since formation
while a few managed to meet more than once. (A total of 24
IC meetings held since formation and 118 ICs have never
met).
On reporting only 4 integrity committee wrote at least 1
quarterly report and the rest did not.
It is noted that only 40 LGAs (30%) have managed to
introduce the client service charter.
It is also noted that only 19 LGAs have prepared anticorruption action plans for use in their fight against
corruption.
…NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 3:
LGAs
It is pleasing to note that all the LGAs have suggestion
boxes as away of having a complaints handling system.
However, no any LGA has managed to introduce hot line
system nor whistle-blowing system. The NACSAP
Secretariat will work with LGAs to ensure that this is done.
It is also pleasing to note that about 85 LGAs allocated a
total of TSS 2,247,441,327.00 for good governance
activities in their respective council budgets.
…NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 3:
LGAs
Challenges and way forward:
Keep IC working and delivering.
Most figures are below expectation because the
implementation of this goal delayed due to various reasons
including Local Government elections; late disbursement of
funds from UNDP.
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 4:
Mainstream and Empower Private
Sector into Anti-corruption
A total of 36 members from 13 identified business and
corporate associations from DSM, Coastal region, Tanga,
Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Manyara were trained on Corruption
and ethics infrastructure and The role of Private sector in implementing
NACSAP II.
A total of 96 women entrepreneurs (members of Tanzania
Women Chamber of Commerce) from across the country
were sensitized on The NACSAP II and The role of Private sector in
implementing NACSAP II. The funding for this activity was
covered by ILO exhibition activities (NACSAP took
advantage)
…NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 4:
Private Sector
Challenges and Way Forward:
Due to delayed disbursement of funds most activities
earmarked for the second quarter (March to June 09) were
not carried out. Consequently most activities were carried
over to the proceeding final quarters of the year (July to Dec
2009).
The on-going M & E consultancy will produce its final report
in February 2010.
Yet to organize a workshop, special Radio and TV
programmes to create awareness on corporate social
responsibility.
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 5:
Mainstream and Empower CSOs and
NSAs into Anti-corruption processes
27 representatives of CSOs were trained on Ethics,
corruption and Roles of ICs. 90% of expected participants
attended. (19% were female)
42 religious leaders from various FBOs were trained on
ethics, corruption and roles of ICs
Civil Society Organizations meeting to form Civil Society
Coalition on Anti-corruption held at VETA-MOROGORO on
2nd to 3rd November, 2009.
30 CSOs participated.
…NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 5:
CSOs and NSAs
Challenges:
1. Need to organize the NGOs into a unique anti-corruption
network;
2. Need to link CSOs with the LGAs
3. Need to develop a reporting systems and commitment
since CSOs have own reporting obligations
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 6:
Raise public awareness of anticorruption
A total of 232,227 Educational materials have been
distributed to the general populace including newsletters
and leaflets;
PCCB organized (7) TV and (76) Radio programmes as
part of awareness campaign and sending out specific
messages;
(1) press conferences and (13) press releases were held on
specific issues;
The media has also been instrumental in publishing corrupt
activities in various forms (print, electronic etc);
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 7:
NACSAP, Legislature and Judiciary
109 Parliamentarians from APNAC –TZ Chapter trained on
ethics, roles of ICs and Corruption (33% were women)
Trained 11 judges of the High Court and other judicial
officers
NACSAP II Achievements – Goal 8: Enhance the
capacity of PCCB, GGCU and DPP to deal with
corruption, manage and implement NACSAP
11 members of the NSC engaged in Ethics, Corruption and
roles of ICs.
M&E training for 3 PCCB and 3 GGCU staff;
Continuous building of organizational capacity for the
PCCB, GGCU, and DPP (including logistical support);
Capacity of PCCB, GGCU, and DPP for data collection,
analysis, and reporting on corruption: the M&E Consultancy
in progress;
Support periodic National Diagnosis Studies of Governance
and Corruption (one survey completed – later presentation).
NACSAP II – Challenges and Way
Forward
Cooperation with other key stakeholders/players for this
common purpose is deficient;
Need for expeditious responses from Mutual Legal
Assistance responses;
Lack of clear focus and understanding by some players
within NACSAP implementation spectrum;
NATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND
CORRUPTION SURVEY
Consultant: FACEIT
Financial assistance from DANIDA
Purpose of the Survey
Solicit information from citizens, public officials and chiefs of
enterprises and fostering public awareness about national
governance and corruption issues,
Provide an empirical benchmark and basis for monitoring
and evaluating the effectiveness of government’s
governance and anti – corruption programmes over time.
Key Findings
Understanding of Corruption: Most people understand
corruption as Demand for Unofficial Payment (92.5%); as
compared to demand for sex (29.4%) or abuse of power
(25.9%)
Causes of corruption: Most people feel that the main
causes of corruption are greed/selfishness, (96%) followed
by moral indecency (92%) to Lack of control and
accountability of public officials (88%)
Perception: Most people agree that corruption is beneficial
provided you do not get caught (57%); some feel that
following laid down procedures in too costly and time
wasting (51%) and a few feel that bribery is practically
necessary for getting things done (31.1%). (There is still
need to improve service delivery and improve awareness).
…Key Findings
Initiation of corruption: Most people feel the service
provider initiates corruption (76.3%) while 15.6% feel that
individuals decides to offer a payment on own accord
Reporting: 66.8% of people think that people who report
corruption end up suffering most (fear of reporting is
eminent) and 73% feel that they can not receive protection
after reporting corruption, while 50% believe that there is no
need to report since nothing will be done on the culprit.
In the same vain 66.7% of people says even if reported, the
case cannot be proved while 50% think that they do not
want to betray anyone.
…Key Findings
Circumstances: 39% encountered a situation where they
were supposed to give something in which:
a. 86% were asked to give money
b. 7% were asked to give property
c. 6% were asked sexual favours
50.3% of private sector bosses were found in situation of
corrupting, while 49.7 % said no.
Extent of corruption (worst institutions):
1. Most corrupt is Traffic Police (66.4%)
2. Then Police Force (64.7%)
3. Then Judiciary (59%)
4. Health Institutions (39.5%)
…Key Findings
Effective (very) institutions to fight corruption:
1. FBOs (50.1%)
2. PCCB (46.6%)
3. Media/Press (44.1%)
4. Police Force (29.4%)
…Key Findings
Ineffective institutions to fight corruption:
1. Traffic Police (59.3%)
2. Opposition Parties (22.8%)
3. Members of Parliament (21.2%)
4. Academics and Teachers (12.9%)
…Key Findings
Views of enterprises if Procurement tenders are awarded in
a clear and efficient manner:
50.2% say it is rarely done.
22.6% say it is sometimes done.
18.2% say is never done.
9% say is always done.
M &E Framework of NACSAP II
Monitoring and Evaluation [M & E]
What is monitoring: Monitoring is a continuing function
that uses the systematic collection of data on specified
indicators to provide evidence of progress and achievement
of objectives.
The objective of M&E in NACSAP is to ensure that progress
in the anticorruption initiatives of the country is periodically
measured using reliable and accurate performance
indicators in order to enhance public confidence in the
country’s accountability systems.
This will be achieved by:
1. Tracking and recording the on-going implementation of
national anti-corruption efforts to continuously assess
progress;
…Monitoring and Evaluation
2. Build on lessons learned from the on-going
implementation of national anti-corruption efforts in order to
take timely remedial measures and actions in the process;
3. Ensure accountability and assess the overall efficiency,
effectiveness, impact and sustainability of anti-corruption
initiatives;
Rationale for M & E in NACSAP
NACSAP II as a national plan that aims to help set up,
organize, and mainstream a sustainable response against
corruption across all sectors needs robust reporting
requirements
There is need to track, record and build on lessons learned
from the on-going implementation of national anti-corruption
efforts.
This could only be achieved through the establishment of a
comprehensive M&E Framework, hence the consultancy on
M&E.
Anticipated Benefits of M & E
M&E results to provide accurate and reliable information on
the status of corruption and anti-corruption efforts in
Tanzania
M&E results to support recommendations for a more
effective and efficient implementation of efforts to curb
corruption.
Support the evaluation of the effectiveness of national
prevention initiatives within the NACSAP framework.
Help ensure transparency and accountability of NACSAP II
activities.
Key players: PCCB, UNDP, GGCU, NACSAP II & Swedish
Embassy (DPs)
The current M & E Efforts in
combating corruption
1. The National Steering : Review and approve annual
work-plans and budgets;
2. NACSAP Secretariat: Develop plans and produce
progress reports;
3. GGCU: relate to MDAs and consolidate quarterly reports;
4. National Anti-corruption forum: Annual discussion of
anticorruption issues by all integrity organizations and
stakeholders;
5. NACSAP Implementing partners: Not yet producing
consistent reports to NACSAP.
6. NACSAP Coordinators: Coordinating activities at regional
levels focusing on LGAs
Observations and recommendations
on the current M & E set-up
Other NACSAP goals especially CSOs, LGAs, Judiciary
and DPP have not yet developed direct reporting systems.
Need bridge gap;
It takes too long for the GGCU to receive reports from
MDAs (Capacity building & improved systems);
There is need to simplify Reporting formats and develop
new ones where unavailable;
Need to isolate indicators of progress that can be reported
directly to NACSAP II Secretariat for the tracking of project
specific achievement of progress;
Need to build capacity of Local Governments, GGCU,
CSOs, Private Sector on Monitoring and Evaluation.
Basic components of NACSAP II M & E
Framework
Introduction to M&E: Definitions, NACSAP Objectives, goals
and activities and Objectives and scope of the M and E;
NACSAP Performance monitoring indicators that will
measure progress in anti-corruption initiatives in each goal
and beyond;
Definition of Sources of information on each performance
indicator (matrix) including responsibilities for data
collection and analysis
Mode/methods of collecting information for each indicator
(matrix);
M & E Overview
Feedback, learning, repositioning
Indicators
NACSAP Implementers
[PCCB, CSOs, MDAs,
LGAs, Private Sector,
DPP]
Data
The NACSAP
M&E FW
(GGCU)
Feedback, learning, impact, repositioning
Reports
Outputs
Action
For LGAs the following will be
monitored
Number of projects being implemented, visited and
assessed in the region by type and source of funding (and if
in line with the schedule/bills of quantities),
Sound procurement management with the Council Tender
Boards (ratings of the procurement assessment criteria)
Existence and functionality of the Council Integrity
Committees; Client Service Charter; complaints handling
and hotline systems; and Code of conduct/ethics;
Timely production of accurate reports capturing (cases
handled, status of cases (number of cases under
processing), trainings conducted, IEC materials distributed,
research focus areas covered, follow up actions of previous
reports);
General Conclusion
The statistics available shows that the fight against
corruption is on course in the country.
Tanzania is making a remarkable progress in fighting
corruption.
Tanzania is the only African Country that has completed the
UNICAC review mechanism, (for more information, the
report can be accessed on www.pccb.go.tz)
The fight against corruption requires the cooperation of all
stakeholders such as DPs, Private Sector, Parliament,
CSOs, the media, Judiciary, the Executive and others.
…General Conclusion
No Single entity/sector can claim to have overcome
corruption without the cooperation from other
entities/sectors.
The culture of impunity must be fought and be replaced by
the culture of integrity.
Change of the mind-set is key to inculcate the new culture
of integrity.
Corruption is everywhere and no single country is spared
by the scourge.
Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) and International
cooperation remains one of the biggest challenges in
finalizing grand corruption cases.
Thank you for your Attention!