Oct 12/14
• pass in Variables assignment
• review observational lab
–summary statistics
–interrater reliability measure
–percent agreement
– Kohens’ Cappa
• APA format
• review requirments for observational lab
• return assignment 1
Observational Lab
• f) summary statistics, broken down by gender
– depends on type of data:
– mean ; median ; mode for males and for females
• g) interrater reliability
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see p.152-154 text
percent agreement
Cohen’s Kappa
K=Po-Pc / 1- Pc
APA Format
• Necessity of presenting certain information
• Time-saving advantages of a consistent
style
What’s in a Full APA
Manuscript?
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Title page (page 1)
Abstract (page 2)
Introduction (page 3)
Method
– Participants
– Materials (or Apparatus)
– Procedure
What’s in a Full APA Manuscript? Cont’d
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Results
Discussion
References (new page)
Tables (if applicable; new page)
Figure captions (if applicable; new page)
Figures (if applicable; new page)
• Appendix/Appendices (if applicable; new page)
Details: General Format
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Typing recommended, if at all possible
Double-space everything, including references
One-inch margins all around
Left-justified only
Don’t hyphenate yourself; let word-wrap handle it
General Format Continued
• New paragraphs indented equivalent of 5-7 spaces
• Page header
– Very brief title plus page number
– Top right of every page, starting with title page
– APA says first few words of title; I prefer something
informative
• Be sure to spell-check and proof-read
• for presentation see sample paper APA manual p.258-268
• typos in illustration in text
Details: Title Page
• Will have page header top right
• Running head: ALL IN UPPERCASE
– Abbreviated, meaningful version of title
– May be same as page header if quite short;
otherwise, slightly longer version
• Title centred, major words capitalized
– Title should be specific, meaningful, no more
than 15 words
Details: Title Page Cont’d
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Name centered next
Student ID number centered next
Institution (i.e. Acadia University) next
lecture and lab section including section
number (i.e. Psyc 2013A, 2010LB)
• Date
Details: Introduction
• Title of paper appears at top, centered,
major words capitalized
• Not in bold or underlined or anything
• 1st paragraph appears immediately below,
indented
Abstract
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Summarizes the main points of your research
word Abstract is centered at the top of the page
generally written after the rest of the report
does not include any info not included in paper
one paragraph , not indented, on a separate page
always page two (in a full report), page header and
page number in upper right hand corner
• present tense for results, past to describe variables
manipulated
Introduction
• Always starts on page 3
• title of report is centered at the top
• page header, page number in upper right hand
corner
• first line indented
Method
• Word Method is centered
• does not need to begin on a separate page
• 3 subsections
– Participants
– Materials
– Procedure
• each subsection is at left margin word underlined
• 1st line of each paragraph indented
Method: con’t
• Participants
– provides information about your sample and how it was
collected, mean age of the sample , total #participants,
gender breakdown, if they received payment or
volunteered
• Materials
describes items used to collect the data, copy of
questionnaire placed in appendix
• Procedure
summarizes each step in the execution of the research,
includes instructions to participants, experimental
manipulations, randomization, control features in
design
Results
• Tables and figures are normally mentioned in
results section, numbered in order of mention in
the text (always Table 1, then Table 2, etc.)
Discussion
• heading is centered, 1st line that follows indented
• purpose of discussion section is to evaluate and
interpret results of the study
• hypotheses supported ? (avoid proved)
Results
• heading Results is centered on page
• Results section summarizes the data collected and
the statistical treatment of them
• begin by stating main results or findings
• stats go in this section, do not include individual
scores or raw data
• all your numbers go here, but not the conclusions
you make
• standard presentation format for each stat (ie, ttest: t(18) = 2.35, p <.05 - table in APA manual
Discussion (con’t)
• Elaborate, discuss relevance of hypotheses, what
they mean in the bigger picture, how they related
to previous studies, your conclusions
• relate to previous literature in the field (this means
you will be citing like in the introduction
• discuss limitations to your study, suggest where
results may be interpreted with caution
• end with suggestions for future research
• discuss above in the order presented
Back to Observational Lab
• What you need to include (all APA format except
introductory summary paragraph
• Title Page
• summary paragraph (in place of intro), statement of
research question, operational definition (s), type of
sampling used, and your null and experimental
hypotheses (explicit )
• Method, Results, Discussion
• include calculations, coding sheets at back of report
Details: References
• Appear on a new page, with References centred at
top, not bold or underlined
• Double-spaced throughout
• No bold or italics, only underlining
• Each indented 5 spaces on 1st line
• In alphabetical order by 1st author’s last name
• Single authors go before multiple authors
References
• No footnotes are used for references.
• All those, and only those, references cited in text
appear in your reference section.
• You should have read every reference cited in your
reference section yourself.
Writing Tips: Introduction
• Start out with an interesting introduction to
the question you will be addressing
• It should be clear on the very first page
what your study will be about
• Provide an overview of what is known
about the problem
• Start out broad and get more specific
Writing Tips: Intro Cont’d
• You don’t have to go into excessive detail
on every study; you’re filling readers in on
the basics of what is known
• Lead up to where things stand right now;
why your study is needed
Writing Tips: Intro
• The need for your study should be made
clear
• Give a brief overview of the design of your
study: IV, DV, any particularly important
controlled variables
• State your hypotheses for the current study
In-text Citations
• Any time you refer to another person’s
research, they must be cited.
• E.g. In public places, men are less willing to
display sadness (Jones & Sutter, 1992), but
more willing to display anger (Franks,
1989; Guervo, Franks, & Josefo, 1994) than
women.
In-text Citations Cont’d
• For 3 or more authors: cite in full first time, after
that, use “et al.” e.g. Both physical and verbal
indicators of anger show strong gender differences
(Guervo et al., 1994).
• For 6 or more authors, use et al. right from the
beginning.
• If no chance of confusion, don’t need dates after
1st time within same paragraph.
In-text Citations Cont’d
• Can also use researchers’ names directly e.g. A
recent study by Whitecliff and Jerome (1997)
suggests results are quite different when men are
observed in private.
• Page number is given when direct quotes are used.
E.g. Unfortunately, men may be “endangering
their health by suppressing emotional displays”
(Sutter, 1992, p. 126).
In-text Citations Cont’d
• If more than one same year, same authors, use a
and b; e.g. Some longitudinal studies suggest
gender differences in emotional displays are
actually decreasing with time (Smith & Xiang,
1991, 1993a, 1993b).
• If you are doing a second-hand report of research,
do like this: (Giuseppe, Jacek, & Hunt, 1992, as
cited in Franks, 1994), and only cite Franks in
reference section