Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the
people's army has gradually grown to include the active and reserve
forces of the People's Liberation Army, Chinese People's Armed
Police Forces and the Militia.
(1) The active and reserve forces of the PLA
The People's Liberation Army consists of officers and men in active
service and in reserve. The active forces are made up of the Army,
Navy, Air Force, 2nd Artillery Corps, military schools and national
defense scientific research institutions.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
 The Army, organized according to different
tasks and equipment, mainly includes the
infantry, armored corps, artillery corps,
engineering corps, communication corps,
and anti-chemical warfare corps.
 In its setup, the Army follows the
organizational system of the squad, platoon,
company, battalion, regiment, division
(brigade) and army (group army).
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
 The Navy is organized into fleets, naval bases and marine defense
regions.
 The Navy is made up of the East China Sea Fleet, the South China
Sea Fleet and the North China Sea Fleet.
 The naval bases are usually under the command of the fleets and
they in turn consist of marine defense regions and vessel forces.
 In terms of equipment and war operational responsibilities, the Navy
consists of the vessel forces, submarine forces, naval air forces,
naval coastal defense forces and the marine forces.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
 The Air Force is made up of air teams,
regiments (air ports and air stations),
divisions, and regional air forces (air armies).
In terms of equipment and war operational
responsibilities,
 the Air Force mainly consists of air units,
anti-aircraft units, surface-to-air missile units,
paratroops and radar units.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
 The 2nd Artillery Corps, also known as the
Strategic Missile Corps, is an army equipped
with surface-to-surface strategic missile
system to carry out tasks of strategic antinuclear strikes.
 It is under the direct command of the CMC.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
 Military schools, in accordance with
administrative subordination relationships
and specialties of education and scientific
research they undertake, are divided into
those under the CMC, headquarters of
different branches of the armed forces, area
military commands, and various services and
arms of the military.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
 The reserve service of the armed forces was organized
in 1983 with officers and men in the active service as
the backbone and those in the reserve service as the
basic elements.
 It is organized in such a way as to quickly mobilize and
turn into active forces during war. Its regiments and
divisions are listed in the setup of the armed forces and
conferred with designations and flags.
 In peaceful time, the reserve service is under provincial
military regional commands while in times of war will be
placed under the command of the designated active
service of the military.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
(2)The Chinese People's Armed Police Force
As part of the armed forces of the People's
Republic of China, the Armed Police Force was
organized according to a decision of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China
adopted in June 1982.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
(2) The Chinese People's Armed Police Force
 The Armed Police Force is under the dual leadership of
the State Council and the CMC and exercises a
combined system of unified administration and
command at different levels. The Armed Police Force
implements the Military Service Law of the PRC and the
orders and regulations of the PLA. It enjoys the same
political status as the PLA.
 The primary mission of the Armed Police Force is to
safeguard state sovereignty and dignity, maintain social
order and security, guard the Party and government
leading organs, key targets of protection in the country
and the safety of people's life and property.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
(2) The Chinese People's Armed Police Force
 The Armed Police Force follows a three-level leadership
in organizational setup of branch teams, brigades and
headquarters.
 Made up mainly of civil defense units, it also includes
the units administered by the public security
departments such as the border units, fire brigades and
garrison units as well as units jointly administered by
various departments of the State Council and the Armed
Police Force such as the water and electricity units,
traffic units, gold mine units and forestry units.
Part Six: China Military System
1. The Composition of the armed forces
(3)The Militia
 The Militia, a mass force engaged in daily production
under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,
is a component part of the armed forces of the People's
Republic of China.
 Under the command of the military organs, the Militia
undertakes such jobs as war preparation services,
security and defense operation tasks and assistance in
maintaining social order and public security.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(1)The Central Military Commission
 The Central Military Commission of the PRC is
the highest state military organ with the
responsibility of commanding the entire armed
forces in the country.
 Led by a chairman and consisting of vice
chairmen and members, the Commission is
elected for a term of five years and can stand
for reelection.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(1)The Central Military Commission (CMC)
 The chairman of the Central Military Commission is
elected by the NPC, and the selection of other members
are decided by the NPC and its Standing Committee on
the basis of the nomination by the chairman.
 The State Central Military Commission follows the
system of chairman responsibility in work, while the
chairman is responsible to the NPC and has the right to
make final decisions on affairs within its functions and
powers.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Headquarters
The Headquarters of the General Staff, General Political
Department, General Logistics Department, and General
Armament Department, which are not only working
organs of the CMC, but also leading organs for military,
political, logistics and armament affairs of the entire
army.
 They undertake the primary tasks of ensuring the
implementation and realization of strategic decisions,
policies and principles of the CMC on military warfare
and army building.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 The Headquarters of the General Staff is responsible for
organizing and leading the building of the armed forces
in the nation, and organizing and commanding military
actions of the armed forces.
 It is made up of offices and departments for war
operations, information, communication, military
training, army affairs, mobilization, armament, security,
mapping and surveying, foreign affairs, as well as the
affairs of the various armed services and arms.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 The General Political Department is responsible for
Party work in the military, and organizes political work.
It is made up of departments or offices for organization,
officers, publicity, security and discipline inspection.
 The General Logistics Department is responsible for
leading the work of all logistic matters of the armed
forces. It is made up of departments or offices for
finance, military supplies, health, transportation, oil and
materials and barracks construction.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 The General Armament Department is responsible for
leading the work concerned with armament supply.
 It is made up of departments and offices for general
planning, research and ordering for armaments for
the various services and arms of the armed forces,
communication equipment and its guarantee.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Ministry of Defense
It is the organ for military affairs in the State Council.
Its primary responsibilities are to exercise unified
administration over the building of the armed forces
of the country such as the recruiting, organizational
setup, equipment, training, military scientific
research of the armed forces and the ranking and
remuneration of the officers and men.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Ministry of Defense
The work of the ministry is conducted respectively
by the Headquarters of the General Staff, the General
Political Department, the General Logistics
Department and the General Armament Department.
 The Ministry of Defense does not command the
armed forces. Exchanges in the military field with
foreign institutions are usually conducted in the
name of the Ministry of Defense.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Headquarters of the Navy
Its basic tasks are to oversee the building of the navy, its
war preparation work, and to command the military
operations of the navy, according to the policies and
principles of the CMC for the building and war operations
of the navy. The headquarters is made up of the
commanding headquarters, political department, logistics
department, technology and war preparation department,
war preparation and maintenance department, and the
naval air force department. Naval fleets are stationed in
strategic sea zones along China's coast.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Headquarters of the Air Force
Its basic tasks are to oversee the building of the air force,
its war preparation work and to command the military
operations of the air force, in accordance with the policies
and principles of the CMC for the building and war
operations of the air force.
 In 1985, such organizations as the commanding
headquarters, political department, logistic department,
and air-engineering department were set up.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Area military commands
Headquarters of the various area military
commands are the highest commanding bodies of
consolidated military forces in each strategic
region. Usually they are made up of the
commanding headquarters, political departments,
logistics departments and armament departments.
Part Six: China Military System
2. Structure of leadership over national defense
(2) Organizations of the Central Military Commission
 Area military commands
The primary jobs of the headquarters of the area military
commands are: being responsible for the commanding of
the war operations of the army, navy and air force in the
areas under their jurisdiction as well as the military, political,
logistic and armament affairs of the forces under their
command.
 They are also responsible for the militia, military service,
mobilization and construction of military facilities and sites
in areas under their respective jurisdiction.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(1) the enlistment system
 Article 55 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic
of China which stipulates, " it is the sacred duty of
every citizen of the PRC to defend the motherland and
resist aggression. It is the honourable duty of citizens
of the People’s Republic of China to perform military
service and join the militia in accordance with the
law,"
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(1) the enlistment system
 China practices a military service system which combines
conscripts with volunteers and a militia with a reserve
service.
 The military service shall comprise the active service and
the reserve service. Those serving in the Chinese People’s
Liberation Army are active servicemen while those preregimented into active forces, or regimented into reserve
forces or militia organizations for reserve service after
registration or performing reserve service in any other form
are reservists.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(1) the enlistment system
 Each year, male citizens who have reached 18 years
of age by December 31 should be enlisted for active
service. Those who are not enlisted during the year
shall remain eligible for active service until they are
22, and the age limit for enlistment of graduates from
regular institutions of higher learning may be
relaxed to 24.
 To meet the needs of the armed forces, female
citizens may be enlisted for active service according
to the provision of the preceding paragraph.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(1) the enlistment system
 The enlistment of a citizen eligible for enlistment
may be deferred if he is the only labor force to
support his family.
 A citizen eligible for enlistment shall not be enlisted
if he is under investigation, prosecution or trial
according to law, or if he has been sentenced to
imprisonment, criminal detention or public
surveillance and is serving his sentence.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(2) Active Service and Reserve Service of Soldiers
 Soldiers in active service shall include soldiers
subject to the compulsory military service system
and soldiers subject to the voluntary military service
system, and the former shall be called conscripts
while the latter shall be called non-commissioned
officers.
 The term of active service for a conscript is two
years.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(2) Active Service and Reserve Service of Soldiers
 A soldier shall be discharged from active service
upon the expiration of his term of active service.
Those who have to be discharged from active
service because of a reduction in the personnel of
the armed forces, a condition of health unfit for
continued service as diagnosed and certified by a
hospital of the armed forces or other special reasons
may be discharged before the expiration of their
terms of active service upon approval by a division
headquarters or a higher organ.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(2) Active Service and Reserve Service of Soldiers
 A soldier who is discharged from active service but is
qualified for reserve service shall be assigned by his
army unit to serve in the soldiers’ reserve; a soldier who
is considered after assessment to be fit for the post of an
officer shall serve in the officers’ reserve.
 A soldier who is retired from active service and is
assigned by his or her army unit to perform reserve
service shall, within 40 days from being retired from
active service, register for reserve service with the
military service organ of the county, autonomous county,
city or municipal district of the plate of resettlement.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(3) Active Service and Reserve Service of Officers
 Officers in active service shall be replenished with the
following personnel:
(1) graduates from universities and colleges of the army
who are selected from outstanding soldiers and
graduates from ordinary high schools;
(2) national defense graduates from regular institutions
of higher learning and other fresh outstanding
graduates;
(3) outstanding soldiers directly promoted who have a
diploma of a regular institution of higher learning at
or above the undergraduate level;
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(3) Active Service and Reserve Service of Officers
 Officers in active service shall be replenished with the
following personnel:
(4) civilian cadres who are transferred to officers in
active service; and
(5) professional and technical personnel and other
personnel recruited outside of the armed forces.
In wartime, soldiers, reserve officers called up and
personnel of non-military departments may be directly
appointed as officers.
Part Six: China Military System
3. The military service system
(3) Active Service and Reserve Service of Officers
 Officers in reserve service shall consist of the following:
(1) officers who have been discharged from active service
and transferred to reserve service;
(2) soldiers who have been discharged from active service
and assigned to serve in the officers’ reserve;
(3) graduates of regular institutions of higher learning
assigned to serve in the officers’ reserve;
(4) full-time cadres of the departments of people’s armed
forces and cadres of the militia assigned to serve in the
officers’ reserve;
(5) cadres and professional and technical persons of nonmilitary departments assigned to serve in the officers’
reserve.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(1)China pursues a national defense policy which is
defensive in nature.
 In accordance with the Constitution of the People's
Republic of China and other relevant laws, the armed
forces of China undertake the sacred duty of resisting
foreign aggression, defending the motherland, and
safeguarding overall social stability and the peaceful
labor of its people.
 To build a fortified national defense and strong armed
forces compatible with national security and
development interests is a strategic task of China's
modernization, and a common cause of the people of
all ethnic groups.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(1)China pursues a national defense policy which is
defensive in nature.
 It is determined by China's development path, its
fundamental aims, its foreign policy, and its
historical and cultural traditions.
 China unswervingly takes the road of peaceful
development, strives to build a harmonious
socialist society internally, and promotes the
building of a harmonious world enjoying lasting
peace and common prosperity externally.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(1)China pursues a national defense policy which is
defensive in nature.
 China unswervingly advances its reform and
opening up as well as socialist modernization,
making use of the peaceful international
environment for its own development which in return
will contribute to world peace.
 China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign
policy of peace and promotes friendly cooperation
with all countries on the basis of the Five Principles
of Peaceful Coexistence.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(1)China pursues a national defense policy which is
defensive in nature.
 China unswervingly maintains its fine cultural
traditions and its belief in valuing peace above all else,
advocating the settlement of disputes through
peaceful means, prudence on the issue of war, and
the strategy of "attacking only after being attacked."
China will never seek hegemony, nor will it adopt the
approach of military expansion now or in the future,
no matter how its economy develops.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(2)The two sides of the Taiwan Strait are destined to
ultimate reunification in the course of the great
rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
 It is the responsibility of the both sides of the Straits to
work hand in hand to end the history of hostility, and to
avoid repeating the history of armed conflict between
fellow countrymen.
 The two sides should take a positive attitude toward
the future, and strive to create favorable conditions to
gradually resolve, through consultation on an equal
footing, both issues inherited from the past and new
ones that emerge in the development of cross-Strait
relations.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(2)The two sides of the Taiwan Strait are destined to
ultimate reunification in the course of the great
rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
The two sides may discuss political relations in the special
situation that China is not yet reunified in a pragmatic
manner. The two sides can hold contacts and exchanges on
military issues at an appropriate time and talk about a
military security mechanism of mutual trust, in a bid to act
together to adopt measures to further stabilize cross-Strait
relations and ease concerns regarding military security. The
two sides should hold consultations on the basis of
upholding the one-China principle to formally end hostilities
and reach a peace agreement.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(3) The goals and tasks of China's national defense
in the new era are defined as follows:
 -- Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and
interests of national development.
China's national defense is tasked to guard against
and resist aggression, defend the security of
China's lands, inland waters, territorial waters and
airspace, safeguard its maritime rights and
interests, and maintain its security interests in
space, electromagnetic space and cyber space.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(3) The goals and tasks of China's national defense in
the new era are defined as follows:
 It is also tasked to oppose and contain the separatist
forces for "Taiwan independence," crack down on
separatist forces for "East Turkistan independence" and
"Tibet independence," and defend national sovereignty
and territorial integrity. National defense is both
subordinate to and in service of the country's
development and security strategies. It safeguards this
important period of strategic opportunities for national
development.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
(3) The goals and tasks of China's national defense in
the new era are defined as follows:
 China implements the military strategy of active
defense of the new era, adheres to the principles of
independence and self-defense by the whole nation,
strengthens the construction of its armed forces and
that of its border, territorial sea and territorial air
defenses, and enhances national strategic capabilities.
 China consistently upholds the policy of no first use of
nuclear weapons, adheres to a self-defensive nuclear
strategy, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race
with any other country.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
 -- Maintaining social harmony and stability.
actively participate in and support national economic
and social development, and safeguard national
security and social stability in accordance with the law.
Exercising to the full their advantageous conditions in
human resources, equipment, technology and
infrastructure, the armed forces contribute to the
building of civilian infrastructure and other
engineering construction projects, to povertyalleviation initiatives, to improvements in people's
livelihood, and to ecological and environmental
conservation.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
-- Maintaining social harmony and stability.
They resolutely undertake urgent, difficult,
dangerous, and arduous tasks of emergency
rescue and disaster relief, thereby securing lives
and property of the people. Taking the
maintenance of overall social stability as a
critical task, the armed forces resolutely subdue
all subversive and sabotage activities by hostile
forces, as well as violent and terrorist activities.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
 -- Accelerating the modernization of national defense
and the armed forces.
Bearing in mind the primary goal of accomplishing
mechanization and attaining major progress in
informationization by 2020, the PLA perseveres with
mechanization as the foundation and
informationization as the driving force, making
extensive use of its achievements in information
technology, and stepping up the composite and
integrated development of mechanization and
informationization.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
-- Accelerating the modernization of national defense
and the armed forces.
The PLA has expanded and made profound preparations
for overall development of modernization. It intensifies
theoretical studies on joint operations under conditions of
informationization, advances the development of high-tech
weaponry and equipment, develops new types of combat
forces, strives to establish joint operation systems in
conditions of informationization, accelerates the transition
from military training under conditions of mechanization to
military training in conditions of informationization,
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
-- Accelerating the modernization of national defense
and the armed forces.
The state takes economic development and national
defense building into simultaneous consideration,
adopts a mode of integrated civilian-military
development. It endeavors to establish and improve
systems of weaponry and equipment research and
manufacturing, military personnel training, and
logistical support, that integrate military with civilian
purposes and combine military efforts with civilian
support.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
 -- Maintaining world peace and stability.
China consistently upholds the new security
concepts of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality
and coordination, advocates the settlement of
international disputes and regional flashpoint
issues through peaceful means, opposes resort to
the use or threat to use of force at will, opposes
acts of aggression and expansion, and opposes
hegemony and power politics in any form.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
 -- Maintaining world peace and stability.
China conducts military exchanges with other
countries following the Five Principles of Peaceful
Coexistence, develops cooperative military
relations that are non-aligned, non-confrontational
and not directed against any third party, and
promotes the establishment of just and effective
collective security mechanisms and military
confidence-building mechanisms.
Part Six: China Military System
4. The strategy and policy of national defense
 -- Maintaining world peace and stability.
China adheres to the concepts of openness,
pragmatism and cooperation, expands its
participation in international security cooperation,
strengthens strategic coordination and
consultation with major powers and neighboring
countries, enhances military exchanges and
cooperation with developing countries, and takes
part in UN peace-keeping operations, maritime
escort, international counter-terrorism cooperation,
and disaster relief operations.
The end ,
Thank you!