KPT6044
PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK DAN WEB
TUGASAN 4
CHAPTER 8 ENHANCING LEARNING WITH VISUALS
NAMA
: LILLY DEVI A/P KARUPPANAN
NO. KP
: 781211-14-5862
NO. MATRIK
: M20111000212
FAKULTI
: EKONOMI DAN PENGURUSAN
NAMA PENSYARAH : PROF. MADYA DATO’ DR. ABDUL
LATIF BIN HAJI GAPOR
VISUAL LITERACY
The presence of visual elements in today’s teaching and learning is increasing as the
integration of images and visual presentations with text in textbooks, instructional manuals,
classroom presentations, and computer interfaces broadens (Benson, 1997; Branton, 1999;
Dwyer as cited in Kleinman & Dwyer, 1999). Although the educational community is embracing
visual enhancements in instruction, the connection of visual and verbal information is evident
throughout history.
According to Wikipedia (2011), “Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be
‘read’ and that meaning can be communicated through a process of reading”. Visual literacy is
the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of
an image, extending the meaning of literacy, which commonly signifies interpretation of a written
or printed text. Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be “read” and that meaning
can be communicated through a process of reading.
Wileman (1993) defines visual literacy as “the ability to ‘read,’ interpret, and understand
information presented in pictorial or graphic images” (p. 114). Visual literacy also has been
defined as the “ability to understand, interpret and evaluate visual messages” (Bristor & Drake,
1994).
On the other hand, visual literacy refers to the learned ability to interpret visual messages
accurately and to create such messages. Visual literacy can be defined as the “ability to
construct meaning from visual images (Giorgis, Johnson, Bonoma, Colbert, & al, 1999:146).
Visual aids can be used to:
• organize your lecture or presentation
• provide interest and motivation for your students
• increase retention of information and learning
• save instructional time and preparation time because they can be reused
• aid communication
• explain the relationships of parts to the whole
• clarify something difficult, complicated or very large or stress very important points.
QUESTION 2
NAME SIX TYPES OF VISUALS. WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF EACH TYPE?
The six types of visuals are pictures, drawings, charts, graphs, posters, and cartoons.
Pictures include photographs of people, places, or things. A drawing could be a teacher made
sketch of stick figures and arrows to show motion. An example of a chart is a timeline of the
events during the civil war. A graph could be a poster of a bar graph of the student’s favourite
ice cream flavours. An example of a poster is a poster board of the reasons why to stay healthy
and aware from drugs. Lastly, students could make a cartoon about the ideas of recycling.
A) PICTURES
Picture is a visual representation or image painted, drawn, photographed, or otherwise
rendered on a flat surface. According to Wikipedia, a picture, also called an image, is a group of
coloured points on a flat surface that looks the same as something else. For example, a picture
can look the same as an object or a person. Pictures can also be drawings, paintings or
photographs. People who make such pictures are called artists, photographers or painters.
Pictures are very helpful. Sometimes people say pictures are worth a thousand words. Pictures
are also refer to photographic representation of people, places and things. They are available
on the Internet and in books, magazines and newspapers. Textbook pictures are intended to be
study aids for the pupils and should be used as such. Teachers should teach skills for decoding
textbook and computer pictures and motivate pupils to use them for study purpose.
B) DRAWINGS
Drawing is a form of visual expression and is one of the major forms within the visual arts.
Drawing also defined as a form of visual art that makes of any number of drawing instruments to
mark a two-dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite, pencils, pen and ink,
inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers,
markers, styluses, and various metals (such as silverpoint). Drawings can be found in textbooks
and computer-based materials. Teachers can make drawings as an effective aids for learning.
Teachers can draw on whiteboard to illustrate specific aspects of their instruction. However
pupils can use such software programs as Photoshop and Paintbrush.
C) CHARTS
Charts are visual representations of abstract relationships such as chronologies, quantities,
and hierarchies. According Wikipedia, a chart is a graphical representation of data, in which “
the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart or slices in
pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative
structures. A chart is a useful way to present and display information or instructions, especially
in a classroom or other educational situation. It can range in size from large wall chart to single
piece of paper. A chart also can be defined as a group of related facts presented in the form of
a diagram, table, graph, or other visually organized model. A chart should have a clear, well
defined instructional purpose. A well-designed chart should communicate its message primarily
through the visual channel.
D) GRAPHS
Graphs provide visual representation of numerical data. They also illustrate relationships
among units of data and trends over time. Numerous computer software programs such as
Microsoft Excel, make it easy to produce professional-looking graphs. When a person enter the
data into spreadsheet and with just a few clicks of the mouse the software creates the type of
graph he or she wishes.
E) POSTERS
Posters incorporate visual combinations of images, lines, colour and words. A poster is any
piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters
include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or
wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used
for many purposes. Posters can be effective in numerous learning situations. They can
stimulate interest in a new topic, announce a special event, or promote social skills. They may
be employed for motivation by attracting pupils to a school recycling meeting or to the media
centre or encouraging them to read more. Teachers can make their own posters with coloured
markers, computer printouts, and devices that print poster-sized pages.
F) CARTOONS
A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. A drawing depicting a
humorous situation, often accompanied by a caption. Cartoons are also defined as line
drawings that are rough caricatures of real or frictional people, animals, and events. They
appear in a variety of print media such as newspapers, periodicals, textbooks and range of
comic strips. Cartoons are easily and quickly read appeal to children of all ages. An additional
options is for pupils to create cartoons with free online software, such as ToonDoo. The
software provides an array of characters, settings, and props for pupils to assemble into a
cartoon that depicts the assigned message.
QUESTION 4
DESCRIBE THE FOUR METHODS FOR VIEWING VISUALS IN THE CLASSROOM.
There are many methods for viewing visuals in the classroom. The first method is
presentation software. Presentation software provides a format for displaying computer-based
visuals with a digital projector. The most widely known is PowerPoint. Another method is digital
images. Visuals can be captures and stored in a digital format by using a digital camera or a
scanner. Another method that can be used is overhead projection. The overhead projection
system is still widely used in classrooms because of its availability, low cost, and ease of use.
However, we are steering away from this device. One last method for viewing visuals in the
classroom are printed visuals.
A) PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
Presentation software is a category of application program used to create sequences of
words and pictures that tell a story or help support a speech or public presentation of
information. Some very popular presentation software, such as Microsoft's Powerpoint and
Lotus's Freelance Graphics, are sold stand-alone or can come as part of office-oriented suites
or packages of software. Presentation software is a tool used to create visual presentations.
These presentations are usually delivered in a slide show format, and can be created with a
variety of programs. The programs make it possible to combine text and graphic elements to
convey important information to a group of people all at once. Teachers and pupils can use
templates to produce very professional-looking presentations. Presentation software allows
teachers to give handouts for pupils. The software also allows teachers to create “Note Pages”.
by this, pupils take notes on the handouts.
B) DIGITAL IMAGES
Digital imaging is the art of making digital images – photographs, printed texts, or artwork through the use of a digital camera or image machine, or by scanning them as a document.
Digital storage methods include CDs, DVDs, portable storage devices, and computer hard
drives. Teachers or pupils can view images on a computer screen.
C) OVERHEAD PROJECTION
An overhead projector is a variant of slide projector that is used to display images to an
audience. A projector capable of projecting enlarged images of written or pictorial material onto
a screen or wall from a transparency placed horizontally below the projector and lighted from
underneath.
An overhead projector is
a
very
basic
but
reliable
form
of projector.
The overhead projector displays images onto a screen or wall. It consists of a large box
containing a cooling fan and an extremely bright light, with a long arm extended above it. At the
end of the arm is a mirror that catches and redirects the light towards the screen.
An overhead projector can be used to enlarge images onto the screen or wall for audiences to
view. Transparencies can be placed onto the projector to be viewed by both the audience and
the speaker. The overhead projector was once a common feature in classrooms. In the 1950s
and 60s, it crossed over into the classroom as an educational tool. Recently, it has seen a
decline in use, as more sophisticated computer based projectors are favoured.
D) PRINTED VISUALS
The simplest use of visuals is in printed form in book, on the wall, or held by the teacher.
Printed visuals are easy to use because they do not require any equipment.
QUESTION 8
DISCUSS TWO METHODS FOR CAPTURING IMAGES.
One way to capture an image is through photography. Another method for capturing
images is through scanners.
A) PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or
other electromagnetic radiation. Digital cameras convert light energy to digital data, which is
stored in a small digital recorder such as a removable memory card that can hold hundreds of
photos. We can view images immediately and can download images to a computer and store
them. These images can also be modified and edited in certain programs.
B) SCANNER
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine
pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held, feedin, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or colour. A flatbed scanner looks
like the top of a photocopy machine. Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for
high-resolution printing, but lower resolution scanners are adequate for capturing images for
computer display. Scanners usually come with software, such as Adobe's Photoshop product,
that lets you resize and otherwise modify a captured image. Scanners usually attach to your
personal computer with a Small Computer System Interface ( SCSI ). An application such as
PhotoShop uses the TWAIN program to read in the image. Scanners work with computer to
transfer existing paper based visual images, such as student drawings or photographs, into
digitized computer graphic files.. The user lifts the lid and places the image face down on the
glass surface. Then special software scans the image into the computer for viewing. As with
digital photographs, pupils may quickly incorporate scanned images into a word processing file.
They can enhance or modify them using appropriate software.
REFERENCES
Instructional Technology and Media for Learning (Tenth Edition), Sharon E. Smaldino, Deborah
L. Lowther, James D. Russell.
http://www.tfeeney.wikispaces.com/Chapter+8
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_literacy
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http://www.simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture
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http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon
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