VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Topic: Systems Analysis and Design
Systems Analysis and Design:
Unit : 02
Hour: 01
System Analysis:
“System analysis is a systematic investigation of a real or planned system to
determine the functions of the system and how they relate to each other and to
any other system”
Key Words:
System analysis is a
systematic
investigation of a real
or planned system to
determine the
functions of the
system
Characteristics of System Analysis:
 Top-down approach: system is developed in the top-down order.
 Use of tools and techniques: major tools used in structural system
analysis are,
 Function diagram
 Dataflow diagram
 Data dictionary
 Process specification
 Entity relationship diagram
 Abstraction of models: separation between physical model and logical
model. A physical model is often used in surveying the current system
and designing the new system while logical model is used in analyzing
Teaching Aid:
system’s requirements.
 User’s role: acknowledging user’s role in different steps of system CB
development.
 Iterative development: different steps in structural analysis and
designing can be carried out at the same time rather than in one by one
order. Each step can improve the analysis and designing made in a
previous step.
 Use of advanced technology: both hardware and software.
 Can be used with prototyping: to help users and analysts have an idea of
the new system.
Books Referred:
Management
Objectives of System Analysis:
Information System
 To describe what the customer requires.
- Saroj Kumar
 To establish a basis for the creation of a software design
- Dileep Singh
 To define a set of requirements that can be validated once the software
is built. Special notation and graphical symbols are used to describe and
partition the functionality of system.
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: System Analysis and Design
Hour: 01
Need of System Analysis:
1. To define system objective
2. To establish system boundaries
 Define the scope and the coverage of the system.
 Helps to sort out and understand the functional boundaries of the
system
 Helps to identify the inputs and the outputs of the various subsystems, covering the entire system.
3. To understand the importance of the system in the organization.
4. Nature of the system – to conclude whether the system is the closed type
or an open and a deterministic or a probabilistic.
5. Role of the system as an interface.
6. Understanding of resource needs – the analysis of the system helps in
defining the resource requirements in terms of hardware and software.
7. Assessment of feasibility – the analysis of the system helps to establish
the feasibility from different angles. The system should satisfy the
technical, economic and operational feasibility.
Reasons for initiating system analysis:
 Problem solving: understanding a problem in a proper perspective
necessitates a system study.
 New requirement: carried out to study the kind of changes required the
feasibility of implementing changes etc.
 Implement a new idea or technology
 Broad system improvement: initiated to study how the existing system
can be improved.
 To identifies the strength and weakness of the existing system in
meeting the user requirements. Users at different levels of an
organization have different information requirements for decision
making. Information is required for monitoring and control decisions,
planning decisions and policy formulations.
System Analysis Activities:
1. Analysis of the organizational environment: analyze in detail the
information needs of an end user organization and its subsystems and
environment systems.
2. Analysis of any present systems: analyze the resources, products, and
activities of any information systems presently used.
3. System requirements analysis: determine the information system
capabilities that will meet the information needs of end users.
4. System requirements: document and communicate the logical input,
processing, output storage, and control requirements of a proposed new
or improved information system.
Teaching Aid:
CB
Books Referred:
Management
Information System
- Saroj Kumar
- Dileep Singh
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Systems Analysis and Design
Hour: 02
SDLC – System development life cycle:
System development life cycle is a sequence of events carried out by analysts,
designers and users to develop and implement an information system. These
activities are carried out in different stages.
1. Systems investigation
2. Systems analysis
3. System implementation
Key Words:
4. Systems maintenance.
System development
life cycle is a
1. System investigation:
sequence of events
It is the first step in the systems development process. Analyze in detail carried out by
the information needs of end-users, the organizational environment and analysts, designers
existing system. Develop the logical input, processing, output storage and users to develop
and control requirements of a system that can meet the needs of end- and implement an
users. The investigation stage may involve the study of information information system.
systems development proposals generated by a formal information
system planning process. This stage includes the screening, selection,
and preliminary study of proposed information system solutions to
business problems.
System investigation typically includes,
 System planning and selection: survey the organization to screen
and select potential systems development projects, including Teaching Aid:
those generated by a formal information systems planning CB
process.
 Feasibility study: make a preliminary determination of end user
information needs. Determine the feasibility of developing new
or improved information systems to satisfy those needs. Develop
a project plan.
 Feasibility report: document and communicate the result of the
feasibility study to end users and management.
 Feasibility analysis:
Five types of feasibility are addressed in the study. They result in Books Referred:
recognition of both the benefits and risks inherent in the Management
development and implementation of the proposed application Information System
- Saroj Kumar
system. They are,
- Dileep Singh
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
Motivational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Operational feasibility
2. System analysis: systems analysis describes what a system should do to
meet the information needs of users. Develop specifications for the
hardware and software, people, data resources and information products
that will satisfy the information needs of end-users.
3. Systems design: systems design specifies how the system will
accomplish this objective. Determine whether a business problem or
opportunity exists. Conduct feasibility study to determine whether a new
or improved information system is needed. Develop a project
management plan and obtain management approval. Develop and
maintain information system solution and implement the information
system solution.
4. System implementation: the system systems implementation stage
involves hardware and software acquisition, software development,
testing of programs and procedures, development of documentation, and
a variety of conversion alternatives. It also involves the education and
training of end users and specialists who will operate a new system.
5. System maintenance: use of post-implementation review process to
monitor, evaluate and modify the system as per the requirement.
Strengths of the SDLC:
 Well-tried and tested
 Guideline for systems development which can be modified to suit
specific requirements.
 Emphasis on project control, documentation, standards, and quality
control.
 Useful for building large transaction processing systems and
management information systems where requirements are highly
structured and well-defined.
 Building complex systems which need rigorous and formal requirements
analysis, predefined specifications, and tight control of the system
development process.
Limitation of the SDLC:
 A large amount of time spent gathering information and preparing
detailed specifications and sign-off documents, could take years to
develop a system.
 Is inflexible and inhibits change.
 Hard to visualize final system – user sign off specification documents
without fully understanding their contents or implications.
 Management and strategic needs ignored.
 Not well suited to most of the small desktop systems that are common.
 Costly and time consuming.
 Inflexible and discourage change.
 Focus on technical aspects of problem situations.
 Models based on processes are ubstable.
 Ill-suited to decision oriented applications.
Advantages of SDLC:
 SDLC provides control on the whole development process so as to
reduce overheads.
 Redundancies and inefficiencies are reduced.
 Products that can be reviewed to see whether they meet the user’s needs
and conform to standards.
 Error detection
 Standardized series of steps. Formal review at the end of each phase
allows maximum management control.
 Formal documents and procedures.
Disadvantages of SDLC:
 Inflexible
 Time consuming
 Lack of change
 Poor documentation.
 User needs go unstated or are misunderstood, cannot easily review
intermediate products and evaluate whether a particular product meets
their business requirements.
Software testing life cycle phases:
1. Requirement stage
2. Testing planning
3. Test analysis
4. Test design
5. Test verification and construction
6. Test execution
7. Result analysis
8. Bug tracking
9. Reporting and rework
10. Final testing and implementation
11. Post implementation.
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Introduction
Hour: 03
SSLC – System software life cycle:
A software life cycle (or software process) is a series of identifiable stages that
a software product undergoes during its lifetime. A software product
development effort usually starts with a feasibility study stage, and then
requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance
are undertaken. Each of these stage is called a life cycle phase.
A few important and commonly used models are,
1. Classical waterfall model
 Feasibility study
 Requirement analysis and specification
 Design
 Coding and unit testing
 Integration and system testing
 Maintenance
2.
3.
4.






Iterative waterfall model
Prototyping model
Spiral model
Determine objectives.
Identify alternatives.
Evaluate alternatives.
Identify and resolve risks.
Customer evaluation of the prototype.
Develop the next level of the product.
Key Words:
SSLC – A software
product development
effort usually starts
with a feasibility
study stage, and then
requirement analysis
and specification,
design, coding,
testing, and
maintenance are
undertaken.
Teaching Aid:
CB
Books Referred:
Management
Information System
- Saroj Kumar
- Dileep Singh
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Introduction
Hour: 04
Systems Design:
System design specifies how the system will accomplish this objective. System
design consists of both logical design and physical design activities, which both
produce system specification satisfying the system requirements developed in
the system analysis stage.
Logical System Design:
Develop general specifications for how input, processing, output storage, and
control activities can meet the system requirements developed in the system
analysis stage.
Key Words:
. System design
specifies how the
system will
accomplish this
objective. System
Physical System Design:
Develop detailed specifications for user interface products and methods, design consists of
database structures, and processing and control procedures. Hardware, software, both logical design
and personnel specifications are also developed for the proposed system.
and physical design
activities, which both
produce system
System Specification:
formalize the design of an application’s user interface methods and products,
specification
database structures, and processing and control procedures. Therefore, system
satisfying the system
designers will frequently develop hardware, software, network, data, and
requirements
personnel specifications for a proposed system.
developed in the
system analysis stage.
Difference between System Analysis and System Design:
Systems analysis
Systems design
Describes what a system should do to Specifies how the system will
Teaching Aid:
meet the information needs of users.
accomplish this objective
Determine the information system Develop detailed specifications for CB
capabilities that will meet the user interface products and methods,
information needs of end users.
database structures, and processing
and control procedures. Hardware,
software,
and
personnel
specifications are also developed for
the proposed system.
Document and communicate the Document and communicate the
logical input, processing, out storage, detailed specifications of the
Books Referred:
and control requirements of a proposed system to end-ujsers.
Management
proposed
new
or
improved
Information System
information system.
- Saroj Kumar
- Dileep Singh
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Topic: Introduction
Tools of System Analysis and Design:
1. Data flow diagram(DFD)
2. Structured English.
3. Decision table.
4. Decision tree.
5. Entity relationship diagrams.
6. Data dictionary.
Unit : 02
Hour: 05
DFD – Data Flow Diagram:
A data-flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data
through an information system. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of
data processing (structured design).
Commonly used during problem analysis.
Very useful in understanding a system and can be effectively used during
analysis.
It views a system as a function that transforms the inputs into desired outputs.
DFD shows the movement of data through the different transformation or
processes in the system.
Elements of DFD:
There are 4 basic symbols are used to chart data movement on data flow
diagrams:
1. Process
2. Data flow
3. Divergent and convergent flows.
4. External entity
5. Data stores.
Key Words:
DFD – A data-flow
diagram (DFD) is a
graphical
representation of the
“flow” of data
through an
information system.
DFDs can also be
used for the
visualization of data
processing
(structured design).
Teaching Aid:
CB
DFD Rules:
1. Process.
2. Data source.
3. Source/sink.
4. Dataflow.
Developing Data Flow Diagram:
The following steps are used to develop a DFD using a top down approach:
1. Make a list of business activities and use it to determine various:
 External entities.
 Data flows
 Processes
 Data stores.
Books Referred:
Management
Information System
- Saroj Kumar
- Dileep Singh
2. Create a context diagram which shows external entities and data flows
to and from the system. Do not show any detailed processes or data
stores.
3. Draw diagram 0, the next level. Show processes, but keep them general.
Show data stores at this level.
4. Create a child diagram for each of the processes in diagram 0.
5. Check for errors and make sure the labels are assigned to each process
and data flows are meaningful.
6. Develop a physical data flow diagram from the logical data flow
diagram. Distinguish between manual and automated process, describe
actual files and reports by name, and add controls to indicate when
processes are complete or error occur.
7. Partition the physical data flow diagram by separating or grouping parts
of the diagram in order to facilitate programming and implementation.
Advantage of DFDs:
 Early implementation.
 Study independence.
 Analysis of a proposed system to determine if the necessary data and
processes have been defined.
 Tool for communication
 Reduces costs
Disadvantage of DFDs:
 Imprecise
 Absence of control aspects
 Highly subjective
Structured English:
When the process logic involves formulas or iteration or when structured
decisions are not complex, an appropriate technique for analyzing the decision
process is the use of structured English.
Some of keywords that are used in structured English are:
Start, begin, end, stop, do, while, do while, for, until
Elements of structured English:
1. Operation statements written as English phrases executed from the top
down.
2. Conditional blocks indicated by keywords such as IF, THEN, and
ELSE.
3. Repetition blocks indicated by keywords such as DO, WHILE, and
UNTIL.
Decision Tables:
Matrix representation of the logic of a decision, which specifies the possible
conditions for the decision and the resulting actions.
Convenient way to organize information in a systematic manner.
A decision table is a table of contingencies for defining a problem and the
actions to be taken. It is a single representation of the relationship between
conditions and actions.
Decision Trees:
Decision trees are simple knowledge representation and they classify examples
to a finite number of classes, the nodes are labeled with attributes names, the
edges are labeled with possible values for this attribute and the leaves labeled
with different classes.
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Introduction
Hour: 06
ER – Entity Relationship Diagram:
Entity- relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a
type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a
relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion.
Entities and Attributes:
An entity may be an object with a physical existence – a particular person, car, Key Words:
house, or employee. Each entity has particular properties, called attributes.
Entity- relationship
modeling is a
For example, an employee entity may be described by the employee’s name, database modeling
age, address, salary, and job. A particular entity will have a value for each of its method, used to
attributes. The attribute values that describe each entity become a major part of produce a type of
the data stored in the database.
conceptual schema or
semantic data model
of a system, often a
Notations of ERD:
1. Entity: an entity is an object or concept about which you want to store relational database,
information.
and its requirements
2. Weak entity: a weak entity is dependent on another entity to exist.
in a top-down
3. Attributes: attributes are the properties or characteristics of an entity.
fashion.
4. Key attribute: a key attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristic
of the entity.
5. Multi valued attribute: a multi-valued attribute can have more than one
value.
Teaching Aid:
6. Derived attribute: a derived attribute is based on another attribute.
CB
7. Relationships: relationships illustrate how two entities share information
in the database structure.
8. Weak relationship: to connect a weak entity with others, one should use
a weak relationship notation.
9. Cardinality:
10. Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one
instance of another entity. It specifies the occurrences of a relationship
11. Recursive relationship: in some cases, entities can be self-linked. For
example, employees can supervise other employees.
Books Referred:
Management
Information System
Types of Relationships:
 One-to-one relationship
- Saroj Kumar
 Many-to-one relationship
- Dileep Singh
 Many-to-many relationship
Advantage of ER Data Model:
 Straight forward relational representation
 Conversion from ER diagram to a network or hierarchical data model
can easily be accomplished.
 ER model gives graphical and diagrammatical representation of various
entities, its attributes and relationships between entities. This in turn
helps in clear understanding of data structure and in minimizing
redundancy and other problems.
Disadvantage of ER Data Model:
 No industry standard for notation.
 ER data model is especially popular for high level database design.
Data Dictionary:
It is an organized listing of all the data elements pertinent to the system, with
precise, rigorous definition so that both user and systems alayst will have
common understanding of all inputs, outputs, components of stores, and
intermediate calculations.
Describing the meaning of the flows and stores shown in the data flow diagram.
Describing the details of relationships between stores that are highlighted in an
entity-relationship diagram.
Features of data dictionary:
 Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements.
 Assist programmers in designing and writing programs.
 Simplify dataabase modification.
 Reduce data redundancy.
 Increase data reliability.
 Faster program development.
 Easier modification of data and information.
Object Modeling:
Technique for identifying objects within the system environment, and the
relationships between those objects.
Describe the structure of objects in a system – their identity, their relationships
to other objects, their attributes and their operations.
Represented graphically with object diagrams containing object classes.
Purpose of Models:
 Testing a physical entity before building it
 Communication with customers
 Visualization
 Reduction of complexity
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Introduction
Hour: 07
Database Management System (DBMS):
A database management systems or DBMS is software designed to assist in
maintaining and utilizing large collection of data. DBMS provides an
environment that is both convenient and efficient to use.
A DBMS is a set of system software programs that organizes and maintains the
data in a database for providing the information. It is used to manage the
organization, storage, access, security and integrity of data in a structured Key Words:
database.
A database
some commercially available DBMS are ORACLE, Sybase, MS-SQL server
management systems
or DBMS is software
designed to assist in
functions of DBMS:
 Stores data in a uniform and consistent way.
maintaining and
 Organizes the data.
utilizing large
 Accesses the files, updates the records.
collection of data.
 Retrieves data as required.
 Adding and deleting records.
 Reorganizing the data base by reassigning storage space to make
processing more efficient.
 Provides data security.
Teaching Aid:
CB
DBMS features and capabilities:
 Query ability.
 Backup and replication.
 Rule enforcement.
 Security.
 Computation.
 Change and access logging.
 Automated optimization.
Advantage of DBMS:
 Reduction of redundancies
Books Referred:
 Sharing data
Management
 Data integrity
Information System
 Data security
- Saroj Kumar
 Conflict resolution.
- Dileep Singh
 Minimizes duplication of data from file to file, i.e. minimum data
redundancy.
Disadvantage of DBMS:
 Confidentiality, privacy and security
 Centralization
 Data quality
 Data integrity
 Enterprise vulnerability
 Cost of using a DBMS.
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Introduction
Hour: 08
Database:
A database is a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or
more related organizations. So that data are available to all users and redundant
data can be eliminated. A database handle business inventory, accounting
information in its files to prepare summaries, estimates, and other reports.
A database can be defined as an ordered collection of related data elements Key Words:
intended to meet the information needs of an organization and designed to be Database is a
shared by multiple users.
collection of
information or a
Database is a collection of information or a group of facts in a structured way.
group of facts in a
structured way.
Characteristics of Database:
 A database is an ordered collection. It is a collection of data elements.
 A database contains related data elements.
 Specific information needs.
 Database data is shared. All authorized users share information stored in
an organization’s database so that all user groups can collaborate to
accomplish the organization’s objectives.
Teaching Aid:
CB
Organization of database:
1. Character – it is the fundamental data element and consists of a single
letter (A-Z), number (0-9), or other special character ($%^&@).
2. Field – it is a group of characters that forms a field or data item,
3. For example, a number such as raman or a phone number such as
9150044281.
4. Record – it is a group of related fields of logically assembled data, to
represent an entity. For example, a vendor field would include vendor
name, vendor code, and phone number.
Books Referred:
5. File – it is a set of associated records. All vendor records would be Management
grouped into a vendor file.
Information System
6. Database – it is a collection of data fields and the relationships that
- Saroj Kumar
dynamically relate data fields into logical records.
- Dileep Singh
Components of DBMS:
 DML Pre-compiler
 DDL Compiler
 File manager
 Database manager
 Query processor
 Database administrator
 Data dictionary






Storage manager
Database users
Security software.
Report generator
Multiple platform databases.
Web server software.
Major elements of DBMS:
1. Language modeling – acts as the basic language of all the databases
managed by that particular DBMS.
2. Data structure – DBMS get ability to interact with a particular data
without making any damage to the data integrity.
3. Language for data query – maintenance of security of a particular
database.
4. This element works on three basic principles:
By analyzing the use of the data, by assigning the rights of access and
finally by defining the criteria of adding the data to a system. Data query
is compatible to data structures, in terms of its working.
Role of DBMS:
 To maintain the data definition for each table and columns in the
database. Each piece of data must be assigned a name, a data type (e.g.
date, alphanumeric, numeric) and a mandatory/optional status.
 To enforce data security.
 Maintaining audit trails.
Applications of DBMS :
1. Airlines – reservations and schedules.
2. Banking – customer info and accounts.
3. Universities – student info, grades.
4. Government – taxes, budgets, legislation, census.
5. Sales – inventory, customer info.
6. Newspaper – track subscribers, advertising revenue.
7. Financial – stock prices, portfolio info.
8. Telecommunications – record of calls made.
9. Computerized library systems.
10. Automated teller machines.
11. Flight reservation systems.
Activities involved in database management:
 Database design and development.
 Data storage and update.
 Data retrieval.
 Database security.
 Data protection.
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Systems Analysis and Design
Hour: 09
Database models:
Data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe structure of
the database, provides the necessary means to achieve abstraction.
Structure of a database means data types, relationship, constraints that should
hold for the data.
Data model also includes the set of basic operation for specifying retrievals and
updates for the database.
A data model is a logic organization of the real world objects (entities),
constraints on them, and the relationships among objects. A database language
is a concrete syntax for a data model. A database system implements a data
model.
Data model is a collection of conceptual tools for describing:
 Data
 Data relationship
 Data semantics
 Data constraints
Basic data models:
There are two main types of data models are:
1. Relational database model (RDBMS – e.g., Oracle , SQL server, DB2)
2. Object-oriented database model (OODBMS)
Key Words:
Data model is a
collection of concepts
that can be used to
describe structure of
the database,
provides the
necessary means to
achieve abstraction.
Teaching Aid:
CB
RDBMS
This model represents data and relationships among data by a collection of
tables known as relations, each of which has a number of columns with unique
names.
It also frees the users from details of storage structure and access methods.
Storage organizations for relations:
 relational table
 relational data structure
 columns
 rows
 data value
 domain
 keys
Books Referred:
Management
Information System
- Saroj Kumar
- Dileep Singh
Difference between DBMS and RDBMS:
DBMS
RDBMS
Single user system
Multi-user system
Do not store data in the form of
Stores it in the form of tables.
tables
Most of DBMS are not supporting
Supported by RDBMS.
client/server architecture
Most DBMS do not support
Supported by RDBMS.
distributed databases
Advantage of RDBMS:
 Ease of use
 Flexibility
 Precision
 Security
 Data independence
 Data manipulation language
Disadvantage of RDBMS:
 Relational databases do not have enough storage area to handle data
such as images, digital and audio/video.
 Inadequacy to operate with languages outside of SQL, relational
databases do not work efficiently with these languages.
VSA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, SALEM – 10
VSA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Subject: Management Information System
Unit : 02
Topic: Systems Analysis and Design
Hour: 10
OODBMS – Object-oriented database management system:
An object database is a database model in which information is represented in
the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming.
The main objective is to provide consistent, data independent, secure, controlled
and extensible data management services to support the object-oriented model.
They were created to handle big and complex data that relational databases
could not.
Key Words:
An object database is
a database model in
Characteristics of object-oriented database:
1. Inheritance – allows one to develop solution to complex problems which information is
increamentally by defining new objects in terms of previously defined represented in the
objects.
form of objects as
2. Data encapsulation – allows the hiding of the internal state of the used in objectobjects.
oriented
3. Object identity – allows objects of the database to be independent of programming.
each other.
4. Polymorphism – to define operations for one object and then to share the
specification of the operation with other objects. This allows users or
programmers to compose objects to provide solutions without having to
write code that is specific to each object.
Teaching Aid:
CB
Features of OODBMS:
 Computational completeness
 Extensibility
 Persistence
 Secondary storage management
 Concurrency
 Recovery
 Ad hoc query facility
Advantage of OODBMS:
 Capable to handle many different types of data types
 Combination of object-oriented programming and database technology
 Improves productivity
 Data access
Disadvantage of OODBMS:
 Difficult to maintain:
 Not suited for all application
Books Referred:
Management
Information System
- Saroj Kumar
- Dileep Singh