PHYS 1110
Lecture 13
Professor Stephen Thornton
October 16, 2012
Reading Quiz
Which of the following statements is most
true?
A) China mines the most coal.
B) United States mines the most coal.
C) United States exports the most coal.
D) China imports the most coal.
E) Africa uses a surprisingly large amount of
coal.
Reading Quiz
Which of the following statements is most
true?
A) China mines the most coal.
B) United States mines the most coal.
C) United States exports the most coal.
D) China imports the most coal.
E) Africa uses a surprisingly large amount of
coal.
Alternative Oil Sources:
Tight oil
Artic offshore
Presalt deepwater
Oil shale
Oil sands
This works up to 70 m depth.
Drilling must be done for deeper
depths.
Extraction of bitumen by
drilling in oil sands.
Hydraulic fracturing is used to obtain oil from rock
formations. Both oil and gas can be obtained.
Oil shale has kerogen, a complex
hydrocarbon, which is a substitute for
crude oil.
The largest deposit in the world is in the
Green River Formation (Colorado,
Wyoming, Utah). As the cost of oil
increases, it is more economical to extract
oil from shale. Open pit, strip mining,
and underground mining are all used.
Other subjects:
Types of natural gas
Pipelines
Refinery process and uses of oil
Natural gas distribution and uses of natural
gas.
http://science.howstuffworks.com
/environmental/energy/oilrefining2.htm
Nice simulation to show refining
process.
Natural gas
use in
USA.
New
electrical
generation
capacity in
the USA.
Natural gas fuel cells
World energy price trends
Coal production
and consumption
China is the largest consumer, followed by the United
States. The largest consumers following China, US, and
India are Japan, South Africa, Russia, Germany, South
Korea, Poland, and Australia to round out the top 10
consumers.
The largest coal exporters are Australia, Indonesia, Russia,
Columbia, South Africa, US, and China. Obviously China
and the US use most of the coal they mine. The largest
coal importers are Japan, China, South Korea, India,
Taiwan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is
interesting that China and South Africa are in the top seven
countries in both exporting and importing coal. Both
Germany and the United Kingdom are known for coal
mining, but both import a significant amount of coal.
World oil
production and
consumption.
United States
World natural gas production
and consumption.
Right: world
distribution of
proven coal reserves.
Left: reserves to
production ratio.
Right: history of
projected remaining
years of coal left.
Peak Coal
Australia
Canada
United Kingdom
Germany
China
United States
after 2050
1997
1913
1985
2015
2012-2050??
Sources of total global oil reserves
Estimated 2011 Proved Oil Reserves
BP prediction. In 2010 global oil reserves are
expected to last 46 years. Middle East and South
America have most.
Hubbert Curve
Most experts
believe peak oil
occurred in
2005/6.
Yom Kippur war
in 1973.
Iranian hostage
crisis in 1979-81.
Proven natural gas reserves
in 2009.
Peak natural gas: 2020
Natural Gas
Best estimates of remaining resources:
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
120 years
45 years
60 years
But some estimates are much longer.
Quiz
The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to
A) How long until peak resource extraction occurs.
B) How long until the rate of production begins to
decline.
C) The point in time when all the resource is gone.
D) The point in time when the maximum rate of a
resource extraction is reached.
Quiz
The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to
A) How long until peak resource extraction occurs.
B) How long until the rate of production begins to
decline.
C) The point in time when all the resource is gone.
D) The point in time when the maximum rate of
a resource extraction is reached.
Table 6-1 Mass of CO2 Emitted for Various Fuels per Quantity of Energy
Fuel
CO2 Emitted
(g/MJ)
Natural Gas
50
Propane
60
Gasoline
67
Fuel
Kerosene
Fuel oil
Wood
CO2 Emitted
(g/MJ)
68
69
84
Fuel
CO2 Emitted
(g/MJ)
Coal (bituminous)
88
Coal (lignite)
92
Coal (anthracite)
98
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas and http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html
Cap and Trade
Vote failed in US Senate in 2009
but passed House by a vote of 219212.
Successful in Northeast US and EU.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Fossil Fuels