Unit 6
Stress and Distress
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Recognizing Excessive Stress
Stress Related Behaviors
Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy
Personal Stress Management
Distress
Signs of Distress
Self-Rescue
Observable Surface Problems
Rescue
Effecting a Rescue
Recognizing Excessive
Stress
• Determining if you are under excessive
stress:
• Feelings generated by excessive stress:
Stress Related Behaviors
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Gear-fumbling:
Blabbering:
Behavioral extremes:
Obsessive behavior:
Helping Out a “StressedOut” Buddy
• If your buddy shows signs of stress:
• Learn to listen.
Personal Stress
Management
• The best way to remove negative stress:
• If stress does start to build before a
dive:
Distress
• When stress becomes distress:
Signs of Distress
• Distress is obvious and observable.
• Passive distress:
Self-Rescue
• You are your own best buddy.
• At the first hint of a problem:
Observable Surface
Problems
• A person in distress at the surface is in
obvious, easily recognizable trouble.
• The first task of the rescuer:
Underwater Signs of
Distress/Impending Problems
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Bubbles:
Buoyancy problems:
Erratic, jerky movement:
Trim problems:
Gear rejection:
Rescue
• Is it safe to intervene?
Effecting a Rescue
• Scenario for an unconscious victim:
Stress and Distress
End of Unit 6
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Recognizing Excessive Stress
Stress Related Behaviors
Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy
Personal Stress Management
Distress
Signs of Distress
Self-Rescue
Observable Surface Problems
Rescue
Effecting a Rescue
Unit 7
Dealing with Out of Air
Situations
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Prevention is everything
Self-rescue for an out-of-air emergency
Emergency swimming ascent
Emergency buoyant ascent
Extra air in an emergency
Shared air ascents
Mutual emergency planning
Alternate second stage air sharing
Redundant scuba ascent
Buddy breathing
Buddy breathing method
Problems with sharing air
Prevention is Everything
• Monitoring your air:
• Air consumption rate:
Self-Rescue for an Out of
Air Emergency
• Loss of buddy contact:
Emergency Swimming
Ascent
• NAUI Worldwide recommends:
Emergency Buoyant
Ascent
• From depths beyond 10-15 meters (3045 feet):
Extra Air in an Emergency
• Redundant scuba systems:
– Spare air
– Pony bottles
Shared Air Ascents
• The concept of buddy pairs:
Mutual Emergency
Planning
• All effective buddy briefings must
include:
• Most emergency plans include:
• Type of equipment chosen:
Alternate Second Stage Air
Sharing
• There is no “one correct method”.
• Octopus:
• BC-mounted integrated second stage:
Redundant Scuba Ascent
• When a needy diver signals that air is
needed:
Buddy Breathing
• Once the standard for out of air
emergencies.
Buddy Breathing Method
• When a needy diver signals that air is
needed:
Problems with Sharing Air
• Physiological changes:
• Use the eyes as the mirrors of the
problem:
Dealing with Out of Air
Situations
End of Unit 7
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Prevention is everything
Self-rescue for an out-of-air emergency
Emergency swimming ascent
Emergency buoyant ascent
Extra air in an emergency
Shared air ascents
Mutual emergency planning
Alternate second stage air sharing
Redundant scuba ascent
Buddy breathing
Buddy breathing method
Problems with sharing air
Unit 8
Underwater Rescue
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Responsibility vs. Duty
Risk Assessment
A Responsive Victim
An Unresponsive Victim
Underwater Panic
Warning Signs of
Impending Panic
Is it Safe to Intervene?
Monitoring a Panicked Diver
Underwater Attack
A Final Note
Responsibility vs. Duty
• As an SRD or ASRD, absent some prearranged, documented assumed burden
of duty with another diver or divers,
such as when acting in a well-defined
position as a diving leader, you have no
responsibility to risk yourself for
another diver.
Risk Assessment
• All rescues begin with a difficult
question:
• The next question is where is the
buddy?
A Responsive Victim
• Approach any diver in distress with
extreme caution.
• Once you decide to intervene:
An Unresponsive Victim
• An unresponsive diver will drown
without immediate assistance.
• Steps to take:
Underwater Panic
• Panic can strike any diver:
Warning Signs of Impending
Panic
• Seeing any diver struggling with
equipment:
Is it Safe to Intervene?
• If a diver is bolting to the surface:
Monitoring a Panicked Diver
• Once you see the diver is out of control:
Underwater Attack
• You should do whatever you must in
order to break free:
A Final Note
• There is little if anything you can do to
prevent a panicked diver from getting to
the surface quickly under most
circumstances.
Underwater Rescue
End of Unit 8
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Responsibility vs. Duty
Risk Assessment
A Responsive Victim
An Unresponsive Victim
Underwater Panic
Warning Signs of
Impending Panic
Is it Safe to Intervene?
Monitoring a Panicked Diver
Underwater Attack
A Final Note
Unit 9
Diving Maladies
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Pulmonary Barotrauma
Signs vs. Symptoms
Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries
Understanding Decompression Sickness
Types of Decompression Sickness
Signs and Symptoms of
Diving Maladies
• Basic Principles of
Neurological Assessment
• Performing the Exam
Pulmonary Barotrauma
• The reason divers are so vigorously
taught to “never hold your breath”:
• If breathing is interrupted during
ascent:
Signs vs. Symptoms
• Signs are observable.
• Symptoms are felt.
Types of Lung Overexpansion Injuries
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Subcutaneous Emphysema:
Mediastinal Emphysema:
Pneumothorax:
Arterial gas embolism (AGE):
Understanding
Decompression Sickness
• Decompression results from:
• The damage caused:
• Dive planning to reduce the risk of DCS:
Types of Decompression
Sickness
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“Skin bends”:
“Limb bends”:
“Neurological bends”:
“Inner ear bends”:
“Chokes”:
Signs and Symptoms of
Diving Maladies
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React immediately to the signs:
The trouble with symptoms:
Dealing with denial:
Neurological assessment:
Basic Principles of
Neurological Assessment
• What to do:
Performing the Exam
• Following a check list:
Diving Maladies
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End of Unit 9
Pulmonary Barotrauma
Signs vs. Symptoms
Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries
Types of Decompression Sickness
Understanding Decompression Sickness
Signs and Symptoms of
Diving Maladies
• Basic Principles of
Neurological Assessment
• Performing the Exam
Unit 10
Treatment of Diving Maladies
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Why Oxygen?
Handling Oxygen
Types of O2 Delivery Systems
Recompression Therapy:The Necessary Second
Step
Why Oxygen?
• The nature of the injury:
• The process simplified:
Handling Oxygen
• Oxygen must be handled with care.
• Simple precautions:
Types of O2 Delivery Systems
• Constant flow:
• Demand:
Recompression Therapy:The
Necessary Second Step
• Oxygen is merely the beginning first
step.
• A “typical” multi-lock, multi-place
recompression chamber:
Treatment of Diving Maladies
End of Unit 10
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Why Oxygen?
Handling Oxygen
Types of O2 Delivery Systems
Recompression Therapy: The Necessary
Second Step