NSB 121 – GENERAL BIOLOGY I
CHAPTER 06 – STUDY GUIDE
1. Describe the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
2. Where does photosynthesis occur? Where does cellular respiration occur?
3. Why is the statement “plant cells perform photosynthesis, and animal cells perform cellular respiration”
not accurate?
4. How is breathing related to cellular respiration?
5. What is the main function of cellular respiration?
6. Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during vigorous exercise?
7. How is the energy released during cellular respiration stored by the cell? What happens to the energy
that cannot be trapped?
8. What are the products of cellular respiration?
9. What percentage of our daily calories intake is used for maintaining life-sustaining activites?
10. Define a kilocalorie. How are “Calories” (capital C) and kilocalories related?
11. What chemical characteristic of the element oxygen accounts for its function in cellular respiration?
12. Why do we say that cellular respiration is the controlled breakdown of organic molecules?
13. What is an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction?
14. When is a molecule oxidized? When is a molecule reduced?
15. What type of biological compound is NADH? What is its function in cellular respiration?
16. Why do we say that in cellular respiration electrons fall down an energy staircase?
17. What are the main stages of cellular respiration?
18. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? Where does the citric acid cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation occur in the cell?
19. Fill in the blanks in the figure below. Name and briefly describe an overview of this process.
1 __________
2 ____
2 _____
2
_
2 _____
2
____
2 ___
2
________
20. Briefly describe the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. Why does it have this name?
21. Why do we say that in glycolysis there is an “energy-investing” and an “energy-payoff” phase?
22. Fill in the blanks in the figure below. Name and briefly describe the process. How does it link glycolysis
and the citric acid cycle?
______
______
___
2
CoA
__________
1
_____________________
____
_
3
______________
23. Fill in the blanks in the figure below. Name and briefly describe the process.
__________
CoA
CoA
_____________
_
_ ____
_____
_ ____
____
_ ___
____
____
24. Draw a sketch of the oxidative phosphorylation complex of proteins. Where in the mitochondria
would you find this complex?
25. If you could test the pH in the compartments of an active mitochondria which compartment
would have a lower pH? (remember that higher H+ concentration results in a lower pH value).
26. What is chemiosmosis? Briefly describe how the flow of protons generates ATP production.
27. Describe the three categories of cellular poisons and name one example of each.
28. What is brown fat? What is different in the mitochondria of this type of tissue?
29. Define fermentation.
30. Why is it important for fermentation to have a pathway of NAD+ regeneration?
31. What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? In what organisms would you find this
pathway?
32. What are the products of alcohol fermentation? In what organisms would you find this pathway?
33. What human economic activities depend on fermenting microorganisms?
34. What is the difference between an obligate anaerobe and a facultative anaerobe?
35. Why is it believed that glycolysis was the “original” energy harvesting process? What evidence
supports this hypothesis?
36. What components of the fats, carbohydrates and proteins that we eat are then used in cellular
respiration?