• Energy Update!
• Review Last Lecture 6
• Radiation, Conduction, Convection
• Today’s Material: Lecture 7
• Heat Engines
• Fossil Fuels
• Homework #2
99 Percent Of New Power Generation Added In January Came From
Renewable Energy
• More than 99 percent of new electric capacity added in the U.S. in January
came from renewable energy sources, according to data released by the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on Thursday.
• Of the 325 megawatts of new capacity installed, solar led the way with 287
megawatts added in January. That was followed by geothermal power with
three new units totaling 30 megawatts, one new unit of wind energy with
an installed capacity of 4 megawatts, and three new units of biomass
totaling 3 megawatts. In addition, there was 1 megawatt added that FERC
defined as “other.”
• Despite significant gains, renewables are still a relatively small piece of the
overall capacity picture in America. Renewable sources, including hydro,
account for just over 16 percent of total installed operating generating
capacity, according to FERC — a picture dominated by fossil fuels.
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/02/21/3317221/99-percent-power-renewable/
http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2014/jan-infrastructure.pdf
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2014/1
The combined global land and
ocean average temperature
during January 2014 was
0.65°C (1.17°F) above the
20th century average. This was
the warmest January since
2007 and the fourth highest
since records began in 1880.
This marks the ninth
consecutive month (since May
2013) with a global monthly
temperature among the 10
highest for its respective
month. The Northern
Hemisphere land and ocean
surface temperature during
January 2014 was also the
warmest since 2007 and the
fourth warmest since records
began in 1880 at 0.75°C
(1.35°F) above average.
http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/climate-change/causes-of-climate-change
Factors that result from climate change and that can then amplify the causes of climate
change are known as “positive feedbacks.” Some of the key positive feedbacks include
thawing of permafrost (resulting in the release of previously trapped methane), forest
loss due to drought (resulting in the release of carbon sequestrated in the wood) and the
melting of the polar ice-caps (resulting in a reduced capacity to reflect solar energy from
the earth’s surface)
Sunlight that strikes a surface at an angle is
spread over a larger area than sunlight that
strikes the surface directly. Oblique sun rays
deliver less energy (are less intense) to a
surface than direct sun rays.
The average annual
incoming solar
radiation (yellow
line) absorbed by
the earth and the
atmosphere along
with the average
annual infrared
radiation (red line)
emitted by the
earth and the
atmosphere.
The idealized wind
and surface-pressure
distribution over a
uniformly watercovered rotating
earth.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye45DGkqUkE
The transfer of heat from the
hot end of the metal pin to
the cool end by molecular
contact is called conduction.
The rising of hot air and the
sinking of cool air sets up a
convective circulation.
Normally, the vertical part of
the circulation is called
convection, whereas the
horizontal part is called
wind. Near the surface the
wind is advecting smoke
from one region to another.
Conductive heat flow
H through a slab of
material with
conductivity k:
H = (k*A*dT)/d
H = (A*dT)/R
An
irreversible
process
(a) A block slides along a surface, gradually slowing. Friction
converts the kinetic energy of its directed motion to random
thermal energy of its molecules, indicated by the higher
temperature when it comes to rest (b). The reverse process,
from (b) to (a), is so highly improbable that it’s essentially
impossible.
Water can exist in 3 phases, depending upon pressure
and temperature.
http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/scripter/geog100/l
ect/05-atmos-water-wx/ch5-part-2-waterphases.htm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Che
mistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phas
e_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams_1
Latent Heat of Vaporization = 600 calories / 1g
Latent Heat of Condensation = 600 calories / 1g
Latent Heat of Fusion= 80 calories / 1g
How much energy to sublimate?
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/courses/cem152/snl_cem152_SS12/pracprob/practiceexam1.html
http://getsciencehelp.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/4/
The impossible case of an ideal engine,
which extracts heat from a hot
substance and delivers an equal amount
of mechanical work or electricity.
A real engine converts only
some of the extracted heat
into work; the rest is rejected
to the cool environment.
Diagram of a typical fossil-fueled power plant.
Fossil fuels are depleted at a rate that is 100,000 times
faster than they are formed. What does this mean? What
do you think will happen to the supply of fossil fuels within
our lifetime?
Thermodynamic
losses and friction
leave only about 15
percent of the fuel
energy available at
the wheels, all of
which is dissipated
by air resistance, tire
friction, and braking.
The power needed
for accessories runs
the air conditioning,
lights, audio system,
and vehicle
electronics.
Approximately 30,000 lives are cut short in the U.S. each
year due to pollution from electricity production. What kind
of pollution have you seen from electricity and energy
production?
Diagram of a
combined-cycle
power plant. The
steam section is
similar to the one
illustrated in Figure
5.9, although details
of the cooling and
exhaust systems
aren’t shown. Hot gas
from the gas turbine
replaces burning fuel
in the steam boiler.
Formation of an oil deposit
in a geological structure
called an anticline, in which
rock layers have bent
upward. The oil originally
forms in the source rock,
then migrates upward
through the porous layer to
collect at the top, where it
is trapped by the overlying
impermeable rock. Natural
gas may collect above the
oil.
http://earththeoperatorsmanual.com/segment/3
Simplified diagram of the
fractional distillation process
used in oil refining, showing
temperatures at which
different products condense
out of the distillation column.
World fossil fuel consumption since 1950. The height of each shaded area represents the amount
for one of the three fuels, so the top curve is the total fossil fuel consumption. Thus the graph
shows that, in the final year plotted, fossil fuels equivalent to more than 10 giga tonnes of oil
(Gtoe) were consumed globally.
Carbon dioxide emission per
gigajoule of energy released in the
combustion of the three fossil
fuels. Natural gas produces just
over half the CO2 of coal, making it
a more climate-friendly fuel.
World coal reserves in
giga tonnes (billions of
metric tons).The full
height of each bar gives
the total coal reserves for
the indicated continent,
while the lower part
shows reserves for the
listed country, which has
the most coal in that
continent.
http://www.mapsofworld.com/business/industries/coal-energy/world-coal-deposits.html
Top Coal Reserves/Deposits Countries in the World
Ranking
Country
Total Recoverable Coal
Reserves in 2008 (million % of World
tons)
1
United States
237,295
22.6
2
Russia
157,010
14.4
3
China
114,500
12.6
4
Australia
76,400
8.9
5
India
60,600
7
6
Germany
40,699
4.7
7
Ukraine
33,873
3.9
8
Kazakhstan
33,600
3.9
9
South Africa
30,156
3.5
10
Serbia
13,770
1.6
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4390
Source: U.S. Energy
Information Administration,
International Energy
Statistics.
Note: With about 15 million
short tons in total
consumption, the Middle
East was by far the smallest
coal-consuming region and
was too small to show on the
map. In the animation, the
line chart at the bottom
shows the annual
production of coal by region
in billion short tons.
http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/
http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/
http://theallaroundoilman.blogspot.com/2010/10/oil-and-gas-map-of-texas.html
https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2007/12/who_has_oil/
https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2007/12/who_has_oil/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Reserves.png
https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2007/12/who_has_oil/
U.S. oil imports have risen substantially
to compensate for declining domestic
production. The two large drops are the
result of oil supply disruptions, price
increases, and economic recessions,
including the Great Recession of 2008–
2010.
Have these trends continued?
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/09/u-s-oil-imports-are-falling-to-theirlowest-level-since-1987/
U.S. oil imports are falling to their lowest
level since 1987 Brad Plumer
http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2013/01/09/how-far-have-u-s-oil-imports-fallen/
An idealized bell-shaped curve for oil production known as Hubbert’s peak.
Production peaks when half the resource has been exhausted; thereafter, the
production rate declines as the remaining oil reserves become more difficult and
expensive to extract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory
Peak oil, an event based on M. King
Hubbert's theory, is the point in time
when the maximum rate of petroleum
extraction is reached, after which the
rate of production is expected to enter
terminal decline.
Choosing a particular curve determines
a point of maximum production based
on discovery rates, production rates and
cumulative production. Early in the
curve (pre-peak), the production rate
increases because of the discovery rate
and the addition of infrastructure. Late
in the curve (post-peak), production
declines because of resource depletion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PU200611_Fig1.png
Peak oil scenarios
graph, depicting
cumulative
published by
the Association for
the Study of Peak
Oil and Gas and
others, comparing
various prediction
models.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/the-coming-conflict-natural-resources-are-fuelling-a-new-cold-war-a-429968.html
Class Review:
Fossil Fuels:
Coal
Gas
Oil
Next Class
Nuclear Energy