STUDENT COURSE GUIDE BUS 669 Business Strategy Business policy and strategies are designed by the students to address changes in the business environment and the need for companies to adapt in pursuit of company success in the marketplace. Some key areas of study are the principles of leadership succession and organization growth and development. Organizational structure and strategy are important focal points for leadership in the context of global dynamics and cultural and political differences as in the global competitive landscape. OUR MISSION ...................................................................................................................................................................3 COURSE OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................................................................3 MBA PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 3 COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................. 3 LEARNING RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................ 4 COURSE POLICIES ..............................................................................................................................................................4 TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 4 WRITING STANDARDS AND RESOURCES .................................................................................................................. 4 CLASS PARTICIPATION AND LATE POLICY ................................................................................................................. 5 ACADEMIC RECYCLING POLICY .............................................................................................................................. 6 COURSE COMMUNICATION .................................................................................................................................. 6 INSTRUCTOR QUESTIONS AND GRADING ................................................................................................................. 6 COURSE AND UNIVERSITY EVALUATION .................................................................................................................. 6 STUDENT ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................................................................6 DISCUSSION FORUMS ....................................................................................................................................... 7 WEEKLY QUIZZES .............................................................................................................................................. 7 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT .................................................................................................................................... 7 FINAL EXAM ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 COURSE GRADING ........................................................................................................................................... 7 ASSIGNMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................9 WEEK ONE – MASTERING STRATEGY: ART AND SCIENCE ............................................................................................. 9 WEEK TWO – LEADING STRATEGICALLY .................................................................................................................. 9 WEEK THREE – EVALUATING THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................... 10 WEEK FOUR – MANAGING FIRM RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 11 WEEK F I V E –SELECTING AND SUPPORTING BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGIES: COMPETITIVE AND COOPERATIVE MOVES ................. 12 WEEK SIX – COMPETING IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS AND SELECTING CORPORATE-LEVEL STRATEGIES ................................. 12 WEEK SEVEN – EXECUTIVE STRATEGY THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN .................................................................... 13 WEEK E I G H T – LEADING ETHICALLY: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, ETHICS, AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ................................ 14 COURSE MAP ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 2 Our Mission Executive Academy of Scottsdale is committed to providing high-quality distance learning graduate business education to a diverse group of learners in a flexible, affordable, and student-centered academic environment. Our programs empower students to achieve career advancement and personal enrichment, and become expert global leaders committed to the application of sound business practices in corporate governance, entrepreneurship, and service to the community. Course Overview MBA Program Objectives Students who successfully complete the Master of Business Administration degree program will be able to: Critical Thinking: solve managerial problems using critical thinking skills and quantitative analysis; Ethical Reasoning: evaluate the moral and ethical principles practiced in the organizational setting; Team Development: analyze the use of managerial and leadership skills to develop productive teams; Decision Making and Execution: research business information to support the decision making process and execute decisions; Effective Communication: assess internal and external communication practices used in business; and Global Thinking: analyze business opportunities and challenges from a global perspective. Course Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Learn what business strategic management is and why it is valuable to consider different definitions of strategy. Understand how an organization and its environment affect each other. Define the four characteristics of resources that lead to sustained competitive advantage as articulated by the resource-based theory of a firm. Understand and know the limits of the four primary generic strategies and the two dimensions that are critical to defining business-level strategy. Understand the potential benefits and risks when competing in international markets. Distinguish between vertical and horizontal linkages and know what function each fulfills in an organizational structure. Demonstrate how ethical organizations practice governance, ethics, and social responsibility. 3 Learning Resources Required Text Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. Course Policies Student rights and responsibilities and detailed EAS academic information and policies can be found in the EAS University Catalog. The catalog can be accessed, electronically, through EAS web-site www.eascottsdale.org. Specific student responsibilities, policies, requirements, and standards applicable to online coursework are provided below. All university policies apply to students taking this course. Technology Requirements Competencies Students must have the following competencies: Ability to access course and program material on the Internet; Ability to correspond with University staff, faculty, and students through email and the Internet. System Requirements The following system configuration and software are recommended: Platforms: Mac OS X 10.2 or higher or Windows XP or higher; Hardware: 256 Mb RAM, CD-ROM, and 1 Gb free disk space; Productivity Software: Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Excel 2003 or higher; Adobe Reader 8.0 or higher; Web Browser: Firefox 3.0 or higher, Internet Explorer 8.0 or higher, Safari 4.0 or higher, or Chrome; Networking: 56k dialup modem, DSL, or Cable modem; Email: Outlook, Outlook Express, Mac Mail, Eudora, Entourage, or Yahoo/Hotmail/Gmail. The following are recommended for optimal performance Productivity Software: Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Excel 2007 or higher; Networking: Broadband Internet connection (DSL, cable, or other). Writing Standards and Resources General Guidelines The following writing standards apply to assignments as part of this course. All individual and group papers must be submitted in Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx) or Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format. All papers must be formatted according to APA Guidelines listed below. Cited sources must be given appropriate credit through inclusion in a reference list at the end of the paper, as well as an appropriately formatted in-text citation must be used. 4 Paper size guidelines are provided so that students can appropriately focus their writing within a specified scope. Students should consider these guidelines as approximations, although a significant deviation on either side of the guideline may be subject to grade penalties. APA Guidelines EAS has adopted the use of APA (American Psychological Association) guidelines for use in written assignments, including papers and discussion posts. These guidelines govern document formatting, organization, style, and citations. The use of APA guidelines for discussion posts is limited to the development of in-text citations and reference lists. A more informal writing style is otherwise acceptable for discussion posts. Below are some sources of additional information about APA style, which are publicly available information. 1. APA Style website from the American Psychological Association http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx 2. The OWL (Online Writing Lab) from Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/ 3. The BibMe website to automatically generate APA citations for paper bibliographies. www.bibme.com Plagiarism EAS takes academic honesty very seriously. Students are expected to always submit original work, and outside sources should be appropriately credited whenever used. Works that require citation include, but are not limited to, hard copy or electronic publications (copyrighted or not), communication (verbal or otherwise) originating from identifiable sources. Academic dishonesty occurs when: students use words or ideas that are not their original work in assignments, citations are not included for all used outside sources, work is recycled from another course taken by the same student (unless agreed with the instructor in advance), documents, such as transcripts or diplomas are forged, etc. (EAS University Catalog, 2012) Faculty members are trained and encouraged to try and prevent plagiarism in their classes. Some steps in that direction are for a faculty member to make it very clear, through announcements or assignment instructions, what constitutes plagiarism (as well as the potential consequences), and how assignments and citations should be formatted. Both students and faculty members are encouraged to check assignments through a plagiarism checking software. Instances of plagiarism are addressed immediately. (EAS University Catalog, 2012) Academic Research Academic research and papers must meet quality standards recognized by the academic community. Research should include Primary (original) or Secondary credible sources written by experts in the area of study. Peer-reviewed journal articles are required in major course written assignments. Educational websites such as Wikipedia, Investopedia or others are not accepted for academic research and referencing in course assignments. Class Participation and Late Policy Students are expected to participate and actively contribute to class assignments (including discussions), demonstrating knowledge of the concepts and theories studied, and the ability to apply that knowledge when analyzing current events, assigned case studies, or real business questions from their own organizations and communities. Assignments should be completed timely and within the posted deadlines. Limited extensions of 5 time may only be granted for unexpected business, health, or personal emergencies, whenever those are communicated in advance of missing a due date. All late submissions, otherwise, will result in a late penalty of 10% per day that the assignment is late. In the rare occurrence of a technical issue preventing students from submitting assignments on time, the late penalty will not be applied, provided the technical issue is universitywide and outside of the control of individual students. Academic Recycling Policy Re-using of papers submitted for other courses, is generally, not acceptable. Partial recycling may be allowed, provided that the student receives permission from the faculty member, given the individual circumstances for each assignment. Using coursework from a previous class, partially or in its entirety, without explicit prior approval of the faculty member may result in a failing grade for the assignment. Course Communication Our MBA programs place a high importance on effective written communication. We encourage you to visit the classroom daily, and to participate in classroom discussions a minimum of 3 days per week. Students are expected to contribute a minimum of 8 substantive posts per week in order to earn participation credit. Faculty and students will use the in-course messaging system to exchange private communications related to the course. For questions that concern the majority of the students in the class, it is best to post the question in the respective forums assigned for process questions in the virtual classroom. Instructor Questions and Grading Questions posted in the course classroom and sent via the course messaging system or email will be answered within 48 hours. Personal information and questions related to grading must be handled via private communications in order to protect students’ privacy rights. Discussion board grades and. Individual and Written Assignment grades will be posted within 5 calendar days after the end of each week, i.e. by end of day on Friday after the week they are due. Course and University Evaluation Students may be asked to submit a course evaluation at the end of their course. Your feedback is very important to your university and faculty members. Your feedback will allow us to improve the quality of our programs and ensure successful and productive student experience for future cohorts. Student Assessment Students have a number of opportunities to demonstrate learning through the measures of evaluation provided below. Please, use the table below to identify the days of the week as referenced in this section. Please, note that each week starts with Monday and ends with Sunday. Day 1 Monday Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 6 Discussion Forums Each Week there will be discussion activities, which require critical thinking and responses that are based in theory, readings, current events, and personal experiences. All discussions pertaining to the topics of a particular week must take place within that week. Students should plan to begin participating in discussions early in the week, so as to allow a substantive discussion and exchange of ideas to take place within the week. Weekly Quizzes Every week, there will be quizzes offered in the online classroom, which consist of multiple-choice problems. Quizzes are meant for practicing of the concepts and theories studied in class. Quizzes can be taken multiple times and are scored automatically. Individual Assignment Students are required to complete one written individual assignment during Week 4. Final Exam There is a final exam, which is administered in the virtual classroom and is open for students throughout Week 8. The final exam may include a variety of question types, including definitions, calculation problems, or analysis from all topics covered throughout the term. Course Grading MBA Program Grading Philosophy Students should note that the average grade for EAS is a grade of “B”. Students, whose performance is solid and meets expectations consistently, can expect to earn this grade. Our university is very focused on ensuring that classes are not grade inflated and as such, grades of “A” are only provided for those assignments and activities for which a student goes beyond expectations. Please, note that per university policy, grades less than B are not meeting standards of graduate school competency and students whose cumulative GPA falls below B are subject to being placed on Academic Probation or Dismissal, as detailed in the University Catalog . Course Grading Rubric The following grading rubric will be used in evaluating student work in discussions and written assignments. Above Expectations (A range) Critical Student uses relevant, Thinking/Originality professional or personal experience in a unique and insightful manner that adds substantially to the knowledge on the topic. Content/Subject Student thoroughly Knowledge. addresses all elements of the question and demonstrates an advanced knowledge of the theory 7 Meet Expectations (B range) Student uses relevant, professional or personal experience. Below Expectations (C-F range) Student poorly applies relevant, professional or personal experience to the topic. Student addresses most of the elements of the discussion question, and demonstrates a basic knowledge of the theory Student fails to address a majority of the elements in the discussion question, and does not demonstrate behind the question behind it. Frequency of Participation for Discussions Student responds in a substantive manner to Discussion Questions or colleagues’ responses at least 8 times during the respective week as counted in all discussion forums together. Student responds in a substantive manner to Discussion Questions or colleagues’ responses at least 5 times during the respective week as counted in all discussion forums together. Organization and Mechanics Writing contains very few, if any, minor errors related to grammar, spelling, sentence structure or clarity. Student properly cites resources, if applicable Writing contains errors related to grammar, spelling, sentence structure or clarity, but the errors do not impact understanding of the content. Student cites resources, if applicable. Course Grading Breakdown Please note that there are no D grades or plus or minus signs. Letter Grade Percent A B C F 90-100 80-89 70-79 69 and below Grading Percent Breakdown Discussion Forums Individual Quizzes Individual Assignment Final Exam Total: 36% 24% 20% 20% 100 % 8 basic knowledge of the topic. Student responds nonsubstantively to Discussion Questions or colleagues’ responses and/or responds less than 5 times during the respective week as counted in all discussion forums together. Writing contains errors related to grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and citations, and the errors impact the clarity of the post. Assignments WEEK ONE - MASTERING STRATEGY: ART AND SCIENCE Objectives Learn what strategic management is. Understand the key questions addressed by strategic management Understand why it is valuable to consider different definitions of strategy Learn what is meant by each of the 5 Ps of strategy. Assignments Overview Assignment Due Date Format Post your Introduction Day 1 (1st post) Discussion Forum General Readings Discussion Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapter 1) Discussion Forums Participate in the following Discussion Forums: 1. Due by Day 1. Post your Introduction on the discussion forum titled, "Introduction." Briefly introduce yourself to your cohort and faculty member. Discuss your expectations of what you may learn in this course and how it will be useful in your career and personal life. Greet and respond to your fellow students’ postings. 2. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapter and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. WEEK TWO – LEADING STRATEGICALLY Objectives Define vision and mission and distinguish between them. Know what the acronym SMART represents and be able to write a SMART goal. 9 Assignments Overview Assignment General Readings Discussion Test Your Understanding Quiz Current Events Discussion Due Date Format Day 3 (1st post) Day 7 Discussion Forum Day 5 Discussion Forum Quiz Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapter 2) Discussion Forum Participate in the following Discussion Forum: 1. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapter and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. 2. Current Events Post Due by Day 5. Do a search for an article that pertains to one of the business strategic concepts and principles discussed in this week’s reading materials. Post a brief summation of the article. Be sure to respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by end of Sunday. WEEK THREE – EVALUATING THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Objectives Define the environment in the context of business. Understand how an organization and its environment affect each other. Learn the difference between the general environment and the industry. Assignments Overview Assignment General Readings Discussion Due Date Format Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Current Events Discussion Discussion Forum Day 5 Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from 10 www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapter 3) Discussion Forum Participate in the following Discussion Forum: 1. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapter and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. 2. Current Events Post Due by Day 5. Do a search for an article that pertains to one of the business strategic concepts and principles discussed in this week’s reading materials. Post a brief summation of the article. Be sure to respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by end of Sunday. WEEK FOUR – MANAGING FIRM RESOURCES Objectives Define the four characteristics of resources that lead to sustained competitive advantage as articulated by the resource-based theory of a firm. Understand the difference between resources and capabilities. Be able to explain the difference between tangible and intangible resources. Know the elements of the marketing mix. Assignments Overview Assignme nt General Readings Discussion Due Date Format Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Written Paper Assignment Individual Written Assignment Day 7 Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapter 4) Discussion Forum Participate in the following Discussion Forum: 1. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapter and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. 11 Written Assignment Write a paper of 1500-2000 words detailing the business strategy of an organization of your choice. Gather some information about the company through research. Provide a brief history of the company, introduce their products, discuss their strategy regarding corporate structure, main competitors, pricing, manufacturing or sales, and profitability. Please, use APA guidelines to format your paper. A title page is required, as well as a reference page including all sources used in the research. WEEK FIVE – SELECTING AND SUPPORTING THE BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY: COMPETITIVE AND COOPERATIVE MOVES Objectives Understand the four primary generic strategies Know the two dimensions that are critical to defining business-level strategy. Know the limits of generic strategies. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of being a first mover. Know how disruptive innovations can change industries. Assignments Overview Assignment Due Date Format General Readings Discussion Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Current Events Discussion Day 5 Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapters 5-6) Discussion Forum Participate in the following Discussion Forum: 1. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapters and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. 2. Current Events Post Due by Day 5. Do a search for an article that pertains to one of the business strategic concepts and principles discussed in this week’s reading materials. Post a brief summation of the article. Be sure to respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by end of Sunday. WEEK SIX – COMPETING IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS AND 12 SELECTING CORPORATE-LEVEL STRATEGIES Objectives Understand the potential benefits and risks of competing in international markets. Name and understand the three concentration strategies. Be able to explain horizontal integration and why it often fails. Assignments Overview Assignment Due Date Format General Readings Discussion Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Current Events Discussion Day 5 Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapters 7-8) Discussion Forum Participate in the following Discussion Forum: 1. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapters and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. 2. Current Events Post Due by Day 5. Do a search for an article that pertains to one of the business strategic concepts and principles discussed in this week’s reading materials. Post a brief summation of the article. Be sure to respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by end of Sunday. WEEK SEVEN – EXECUTING STRATEGY THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN Objectives Understand what division of labor is and why it is beneficial. Distinguish between vertical and horizontal linkages and know what functions each fulfills in an organizational structure. Assignments Overview Assignment Due Date 13 Format General Readings Discussion Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Current Events Discussion Day 5 Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapter 9) Discussion Forum Participate in the following Discussion Forum: 1. Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapter and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. 2. Current Events Post Due by Day 5. Do a search for an article that pertains to one of the business strategic concepts and principles discussed in this week’s reading materials. Post a brief summation of the article. Be sure to respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by end of Sunday. WEEK EIGHT – LEADING AN ETHICAL ORGANIZATION: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, CORPORATE ETHICS, AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Objectives Understand the key roles played by a Board of Directors. Know how CEO pay and perks impact the landscape of corporate governance. Explain different terms associated with corporate takeovers. Assignments Overview Assignment Due Date Format General Readings Discussion Day 3 (1st post) Discussion Forum Test Your Understanding Quiz Day 7 Quiz Final Exam Day 7 Individual Assignment Readings Ketchen, D. & Short, J. (n.d.) Mastering Strategic Management, v. 1.0 AAP. Retrieved from www.flatworldknowledge.com. (Chapter 10) Discussion Forum 14 Participate in the following Discussion Forum: Initial Post Due by Day 3. General Readings Discussion. Read the assigned textbook chapter and respond to two (2) of the posted discussion questions. Use your personal experience or work examples, to clarify or illustrate the concepts. Respond to some of your colleagues’ posts. All responses must be completed by Day 7. Final Exam Individual Assignment Due by Day 7. FINAL EXAM The exam will consist entirely of short-answer questions. Be sure that you understand the concepts and analysis presented in the textbook and course lecture notes. Your exam will be posted in our virtual classroom at the start of Week 8 and can be completed at any time during week 8. The exam will be open book and must be completed without assistance. Course Map The course map illustrates the careful design of the course through which each learning objective is supported by one or more specific learning activities in order to create integrity and pedagogical depth in the learning experience. LEARNING OUTCOME Learn what business strategic management is and why it is valuable to consider different definitions of strategy. Understand how an organization and its environment affect each other. WEEK 1-10 Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam 1-3 Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam 5-6 Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam 7 Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam Discussion Forums Written Assignment Final Exam 4 Define the four characteristics of resources that lead to sustained competitive advantage as articulated by the resource-based theory of a firm Understand and know the limits of the four primary generic strategies and the two dimensions that are critical to defining business-level strategy. Understand the potential benefits and risks when competing in international markets. Distinguish between vertical and horizontal linkages and know what function each fulfills in an organizational structure. ASSIGNMENT 8-9 10 Demonstrate how ethical organizations practice governance, ethics, and social responsibility. 15 MBA Program Objectives Course Learning Objectives Learn what business strategic management is and why it is valuable to consider different definitions of strategy. Understand how an organization and its environment affect each other. Define the four characteristics of resources that lead to sustained competitive advantage as articulated by the resource-based theory of a firm Team Critical Ethical DevelopThinking Reasoning ment V Demonstrate how ethical organizations practice governance, ethics, and social responsibility. Global Thinking V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 16 Effective Communication V V Understand and know the limits of the four primary generic strategies and the two V dimensions that are critical to defining business-level strategy. Understand the potential benefits and risks when competing in V international markets. Distinguish between vertical and horizontal linkages and know what function each fulfills in an organizational structure. Decision Making and Execution V V V V V V V V V V