Functional Groups
What is the family name?
alkanes
H
H
C
C
H
H
 Only carbon and
hydrogen
 All single bonds
H
H
Q: What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up
o of just single bonds?
A: Cycloalkanes
alkenes
 Only carbon and
hydrogen
 A carbon to carbon
double bond
H
H
C
H
C
H
Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?
A: A diene
alcohols
 Only one oxygen
H
H
C
C
H
H
 Has an O-H group
 Can classify as 1º/2º/3º H
according to position
of O-H group on
carbon skeleton
O
H
Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?
A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules
phenols
 Only one oxygen
 Has an O-H group
O
H
 The O-H group is
directly attached to a
benzene ring
Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?
A: Phenyl
aldehydes
H
 Only one oxygen
O
 Has a C=O group
 C=O group is at the
end of carbon chain,
so is next door to a
hydrogen atom
H
C
C
H
H
Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?
A: Carboxylic acids
ketones
 Only one oxygen
H
O
H
C
C
C
 Has a C=O group
 C=O group is not
at the end of carbon
chain, so is next
door to 2 carbons
H
H
H
Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?
A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.
H
carboxylic acids
 Has 2 oxygens
 Has O-H and C=O
groups on the same
carbon atom
H
 This -COOH group has
to be at the end of a
carbon chain (why?)
H
C
O
C
O
H
Q: Write an equation showing how ethanoic acid can
a act as a (weak) acid.
A: CH3COOH(aq)
CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)
H
esters
 Has 2 oxygens
H
O
 One oxygen is part
of a C=O bond, the H
other is next door,
sandwiched between
two carbons
H
C
C
O
C
H
H
H
Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with
a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.
A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate
ethers
 Has 1 oxygen
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
 No O-H or C=O
group
H
 The oxygen is
sandwiched between
two carbon atoms
O
C
H
H
Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points
t than their isomeric alcohols?
A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)
“What family…?” quiz
Family names:
 cycloalkane
 alkene
 primary (1º) alcohol
 secondary (2º) alcohol
 tertiary (3º) alcohol
 phenol
 aldehyde
 ketone
 carboxylic acid
 ester
 ether
… are you ready?
5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!
What family does it belong to? (1)
H
H
C
H
C
H
What family does it belong to? (2)
H
H
C
O
C
H
H
What family does it belong to? (3)
H
H
H
O
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (4)
H
C
H
O
H
What family does it belong to? (5)
H
H
C
H
H
O
C
H
H
What family does it belong to? (6)
H
O
H
H
C
C
O
C
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (7)
H
H
O
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (8)
O
H
What family does it belong to? (9)
H
H
H
C
C
O
C
O
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (10)
H
H
H
C
C
H
C
H
H
C
O
H
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (11)
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (1)
H
H
C
C
H
H
alkene
Answers: “What family?” quiz (2)
H
H
C
O
C
H
H
aldehyde
Answers: “What family?” quiz (3)
H
H
H
O
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
secondary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (4)
H
C
O
H
primary alcohol
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (5)
H
H
C
H
O
C
H
H
ether
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (6)
H
O
H
H
C
C
O
C
H
H
ester
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (7)
H
H
O
H
C
C
C
H
H
ketone
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (8)
O
phenol
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (9)
H
H
H
C
C
O
C
O
H
H
carboxylic acid
H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (10)
H
H
H
C
O
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
tertiary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (11)
H
H
C
C
H
H
cycloalkane
H
“Spot the functional groups” quiz
Functional groups:
 alkene
 primary (1º) alcohol
 secondary (2º) alcohol
 tertiary (3º) alcohol
 phenol
 arene (NEW!)
 aldehyde
 ketone
 carboxylic acid
 ester
 ether
… are you ready?
5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!
Spot both the functional groups (1)
OH
phenol
OH
O
carboxylic acid
Spot all three functional groups (2)
O
ester
O
O
carboxylic acid
arene
OH
Spot both the functional groups (3)
O
OH
phenol
O
ester
Spot both the functional groups (4)
primary alcohols
OH
OH
OH
secondary alcohol
Spot all three functional groups (5)
ketone
O
OH
alkene
tertiary
alcohol
Spot all three functional groups (6)
O
aldehyde
H
alkene
arene
Spot all three functional groups (7)
O
ketone
arene
OCH3
ether
Functional groups quiz: results
Maximum score = 18
How did you do?