Energy Savings Impacts of the
Advanced Energy Design Guide:
Small Office Buildings
Bing Liu, P.E.
Research Engineer
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Tel: (509) 375-3710
Bing.liu@pnl.gov
Energy Use Simulation Approach
 Scoping Study:
 Baseline building – Standard 90.1-1999
 Advanced building – Off-the-Shelf technology
 Two Models: 5,000 sf and 20,000 sf office
buildings
 Use eQuest to test run in four climate locations:
Miami, Phoenix, Seattle and Duluth
 Full Study:
 15 representative locations in 8 DOE Climate
Zones
 Use DOE-2.2 directly to make 60 parametric
runs for full study
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
2
5,000 ft² Office Prototype





Square floor plan
Single story
Frame construction
20% window-to-wall ratio
Single tenant
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
3
20,000 ft² Office Prototype
 Square floor
plan
 2-story
 Masonry
construction
 30% windowto-wall ratio
 3 tenants
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
4
What is in the Baseline Building?
Comply with Standard 90.1-1999
 Insulation requirements for roofs, walls,
floors and slabs
 U-Value and SHGC for window glazing
 U-Value for doors
 Interior lighting power density
 Mechanical equipment efficiency
 Economizer requirement
 And more…
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
5
What is in the Baseline Building?
When not specified by 90.1-1999…
 Room Thermostat:
 Setpoint: 75°F cooling & 70°F heating
 Setback/Setup: 80°F cooling & 65°F heating
 Office Equipment Plug Load
 Schedules
 Energy Policy Act Standard analysis
 Recent research study and peer review
comments
 Fan Static Pressure
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
6
Plug Load Schedule - Weekday
Fraction of Defined Peak Load
20,000 sf Office Building
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day
Before
After
ASHRAE SP102 Advanced Energy Design Guide
Modeling Assumptions & Energy Usage - 20,000 sf Office Building
Table 5 Baseline Modeling Assumptions (Round 2) – Seattle, WA
Characteristic
Architectural Features
Configuration/Shape
Aspect Ratio
Zoning
Number of Floors
Window to Wall Ratio
Floor-to-Ceiling Height:
Floor-to-Floor Height:
Infiltration Rate
Infiltration Schedule
Roof
Structure
Exterior Finish
Insulation
Overall U-factor
Emissivity
Solar Reflectance
Baseline Model
1
5 zones per floor (one core + four perimeter
zones)
2
30% ribbon windows uniformly distributed by
orientation
9 ft
12 ft
0.038 cfm/sf of the gross exterior wall
0.122 air change per hour for entire building
OFF_M-F_INFIL
Steel deck with rigid insulation
Single-ply roof membrane
R-15 ci
0.063
0.87
0.23 (grey EPDM)
Data Source
SP 102 Recommendation
General practice
General practice
ASHRAE 90.1-1989 §13.7.3.2
12 feet high Exterior Wall
Off when the HVAC fan is on
SP 102 Recommendation
ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table B-14
ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table B-14
Grey single-ply membranes from PG&E
High Albedo (Cool) Roofs CASE Study
Report at
http://www.newbuildings.org/downloads/co
des/CoolRoof.pdf
What is in the Advanced Building?
 Envelope




Cool roofs
Better insulations
High performance windows and doors
Overhangs for windows except facing north
 Interior Lighting
 Reduced installed lighting power density
 Daylighting harvest for WWR 25% or higher
 Daylighting dimming control on south and north
perimeter zones
 Occupancy Sensor
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
9
What is in the Advanced Building?
 Mechanical System
 Higher efficiency unitary equipment in some
climate zones
 Motorized outside air damper control
 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
 Lower duct friction rate: 0.08 in/100 ft vs. 0.10
in/100 ft of standard practice
 Service Water Heater
 Higher thermal efficiency for gas-fired storage
water heater or
 Gas-fired instantaneous water heater
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
10
Energy Savings of Advanced vs. Base Building
(Without Plug Load)
30% Goal Over Standard 90.1-1999
40%
30%
20%
10%
5000 sf Bldg
20,000 sf Bldg
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Energy Savings, %
50%
Energy Savings of Advanced vs. Base Building
(Including Plug Load)
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50%
40%
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Advanced Case
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EUI, kBtu/sf
Energy Use Index
5,000 sf Office Building
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100
80
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EUI, kBtu/sf
Energy Use Index
20,000 sf Office Building
80
60
40
20
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Base Case
Advanced Case
Comparison of Energy Savings
Percentage Savings Over 90.1-1999
5,000 sf Office Building
60%
Average Savings of All the
Climate Zones = 38%
49.1%
50%
40%
35.6%
36.4%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Miami
Lighting
Baltimore
Cooling
Heating
Duluth
Fans
SWH
Comparison of Energy Savings
Percent Savings Over 90.1-1999
20,000 sf Office Building
50%
40%
Average Savings of All the
Climate Zones = 38%
38%
43%
35%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Miami
Lighting
Baltimore
Cooling
Heating
Duluth
Fans
SWH
Advanced Simulation Challenges
 Real windows vs. DOE-2 window
library
 Window Shading Coefficient Method
 Window Library Method
 Window Layers Method
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
17
Advanced Simulation Challenges
 Occupancy sensor
 DOE-2 doesn’t have occupancy sensor
module
 Modify the lighting schedule to estimate
the potential energy savings from the
occupancy sensors
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
18
Lighting & Occupancy Sensor Schedule
Fraction of Defined Peak
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Weekday - Hour of Day
Lighting
Lighting with Occupancy Sensor
Advanced Simulation Challenges
 Demand ventilation control
 No CO2 sensor module in DOE-2
 Modify the outside air change rate to
reflect the average reduction of the
outside intake using CO2 sensor – 20%
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
20
Advanced Simulation Challenges
 Motorized outside air damper control
 Potentially saving cooling and heating
energy during nights by closing the OA
damper when fans cycle on to maintain
space setback temperature
 Hourly-based simulation may overestimate the energy savings from the
motorized outside air damper in the cold
climates
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
21
Questions?
Bing Liu, P.E.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Tel: (509) 375-3710
Bing.liu@pnl.gov
February 7, 2005
ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando,
Fla.
22