• Cognitive Radio
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Cognitive radio
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A 'cognitive radio' is an intelligent radio that can be
programmed and configured dynamically
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Cognitive radio - Description
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The functions as an autonomous unit in
the communications environment,
exchanging information about the
environment with the networks it
accesses and other cognitive radios
(CRs)
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Cognitive radio - Description
Some smart radio proposals combine
wireless mesh network -- dynamically
changing the path messages take
between two given nodes using
cooperative diversity; cognitive radio -dynamically changing the frequency band
used by messages between two
consecutive nodes on the path; and
software-defined radio -- dynamically
changing the protocol used by message
between two consecutive nodes.
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Cognitive radio - History
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The concept of cognition|cognitive radio
was first proposed by Joseph Mitola III in a
seminar at Royal Institute of
Technology|KTH (the Royal Institute of
Technology in Stockholm) in 1998 and
published in an article by Mitola and
Gerald Q. Maguire, Jr. in 1999. It was a
novel approach in wireless
communications, which Mitola later
described as:
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Cognitive radio - History
Cognitive radio is considered as a goal
towards which a software-defined radio
platform should evolve: a fully
reconfigurable wireless transceiver which
automatically adapts its communication
parameters to network and user demands.
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Cognitive radio - History
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Traditional regulatory structures have been
built for an analog model and are not
optimized for cognitive
radio.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=732483
Patrick S
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
* Full Cognitive Radio (Mitola radio), in
which every possible parameter observable
by a wireless node (or network) is
considered.[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/searc
h/srchabstract.jsp?arnumber=788210isnumb
er=17080punumber=98k2dockey=788210@ie
eejrnsquery=%28%28mitola%29%3Cin%3Ea
u+%29pos=5access=no J. Mitola III and G. Q.
Maguire, Jr., Cognitive radio: making
software radios more personal, IEEE
Personal Communications Magazine, vol. 6,
nr. 4, pp. 13–18, Aug. 1999]
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
* Spectrum-Sensing Cognitive Radio, in which
only the radio-frequency spectrum is
considered.[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srcha
bstract.jsp?arnumber=1391031isnumber=30289pu
number=49k2dockey=1391031@ieeejrnsquery=%
28haykin+%3Cin%3E+metadata%29+%3Cand%3
E+%2849+%3Cin%3E+punumber%29pos=0acces
s=no S. Haykin, Cognitive Radio: Brainempowered Wireless Communications, IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas of Communications,
vol. 23, nr. 2, pp. 201–220, Feb. 2005]
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
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Other types are dependent on parts of the spectrum
available for cognitive radio:
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
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* Licensed-Band Cognitive Radio, capable
of using bands assigned to licensed users
(except for unlicensed bands, such as the
U-NII band or the ISM band. The IEEE
802.22 working group is developing a
standard for wireless regional area
network (WRAN), which will operate on
unused television
channels.[http://ieee802.org/22/ IEEE
802.22]
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
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* Unlicensed-Band Cognitive Radio,
which can only utilize unlicensed
parts of the radio frequency (RF)
spectrum. One such system is
described in the IEEE 802.15 Task
Group 2
specifications,[http://ieee802.org/15/
pub/TG2.html IEEE 802.15.2] which
focus on the coexistence of IEEE
802.11 and Bluetooth.
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
* Spectrum sharing: Spectrum
sharing cognitive radio networks
allow cognitive radio users to share
the spectrum bands of the licensedband users. However, the cognitive
radio users have to restrict their
transmit power so that the
interference caused to the licensedband users is kept below a certain
threshold.
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
If the licensed users are using the
bands, cognitive radio users share the
spectrum bands with the licensed
users by restricting their transmit
power.
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Cognitive radio - Technology
The chief problem in spectrumsensing cognitive radio is designing
high-quality spectrum-sensing
devices and algorithms for
exchanging spectrum-sensing data
between nodes
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Cognitive radio - Technology
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The evolution of cognitive radio toward
cognitive networks is underway; the
concept of cognitive networks is to
intelligently organize a network of
cognitive radios.
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Cognitive radio - Functions
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The main functions of cognitive radios are:Ian
F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S.
Mohanty, NeXt Generation/Dynamic
Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless
Networks: A Survey, Computer Networks
(Elsevier) Journal, September 2006.
[http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bw
n/surveys/radio.pdf][http://grouper.ieee.org/gr
oups/scc41/files/Communications_Magazine
_article_on_SCC41.pdf Cognitive
Functionality in Next Generation Wireless
Networks ]
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Cognitive radio - Functions
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** Transmitter detection: Cognitive
radios must have the capability to
determine if a signal from a primary
transmitter is locally present in a
certain spectrum. There are several
proposed approaches to transmitter
detection:
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Cognitive radio - Functions
Chen,
“[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/artic
leDetails.jsp?reload=truearnumber=6
507397 Wideband spectrum sensing
for cognitive radio networks: a
survey],” IEEE Wireless
Communications, vol
1
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Cognitive radio - Functions
** Cooperative detection: Refers to
spectrum-sensing methods where
information from multiple cognitiveradio users is incorporated for primaryuser detectionZ. Li, F.R. Yu, and M.
Huang,
“[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs
_all.jsp?arnumber=5229125 A
Distributed Consensus-Based
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in
Cognitive Radios],” IEEE Trans.
Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp.
383-393, Jan. 2010.
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Cognitive radio - Functions
al
``[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/logi
n.jsp?tp=arnumber=4786456url=http
%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fx
pls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4
786456 Optimal power allocation for
fading channels in cognitive radio
networks: Ergodic capacity and
outage capacity], IEEE Trans
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Cognitive radio - Functions
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* Spectrum management: Capturing the
best available spectrum to meet user
communication requirements, while not
creating undue interference to other
(primary) users. Cognitive radios should
decide on the best spectrum band (of all
bands available) to meet quality of service
requirements; therefore, spectrummanagement functions are required for
cognitive radios. Spectrum-management
functions are classified as:
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Cognitive radio - Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna (IA)
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An intelligent antenna (or smart antenna)
is an antenna technology that uses spatial
beam-formation and spatial coding to
cancel interference; however, it requires
an intelligent multiple- or cooperativeantenna array. On the other hand,
cognitive radio allows user terminals to
sense whether a portion of the spectrum is
being used to share spectrum with
neighbor users. The following table
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Cognitive radio - Simulation of CR Networks
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At present, modeling and simulation is the
only paradigm which allows the simulation
of complex behavior in the environments
cognitive radio networks. Network
simulators like OPNET, NetSim and NS2
can be used to simulate a Cognitive radio
network. Areas of research using Network
simulators include a) Spectrum Sensing
incumbent detection b) Spectrum
Allocation an c) Measurement and
modeling of Spectrum usage.
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Cognitive radio - Future plans
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IEEE 802.22: An Introduction to the First
Wireless Standard based on Cognitive
Radios JOURNAL OF
COMMUNICATIONS, VOL
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