Chapter 3
PHYSICAL INJURY AND CONTROLS
3.1 Construction Safety
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health
Presented by
Dr. Mohd Nasrull Abdol Rahman
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, students will be able to:
• Explain the building operations according to the
FMA 1967
• Describe at least 6 construction site hazards
• Explain the types of accident at construction site
• Plan the strategies that can be implemented in
managing the safety at construction site (control
measure)
• Relate the requirements of FMA 1967 and OSHA
1994
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Definition of Building Operations (FMA 1967)
• “Building operations” means the
construction, structural alteration, repair or
maintenance of a building including
repainting, redecoration, and external
cleaning of the structure, the demolition of a
building, and the preparation for and the
laying of foundation of an intended building.
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Legal Requirements
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994)
• General duties of an employer
▫ To appoint a safety and health officer
▫ To formulate safety and health
▫ To provide safe work procedure
▫ To set up a safety and health committee
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Legal Requirements
Occupational Safety and Health Regulation
(Safety and Health Officer) 1996
• The need to appoint a safety and health
officer at workplace if the value of the project
is more than RM20 million either for:
▫ Building operations
▫ Work of engineering construction
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Legal Requirements
Factory and Machinery Act 1967
• General provision related to certified machinery,
installation and employees
• Factory and Machinery Regulations (Building
Operations and Work of Engineering Construction)
(Safety) 1986
▫ Provision related to safety and health for activities,
equipments and employees
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Activities at construction sites
• Excavation
• Piling
• Concrete work
• Demolition
• Brick laying
• Installation of electrical cable and pipe
• Welding work
• Handling of construction material
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Machineries / equipments at
construction sites
Machineries / equipments
Purposes
Crane (Tower / Mobile) / Skip hoist
Lifting goods and material
Passenger hoist / Gondola
Lifting employees
Bending machine
Bending steel bar
Cutting machine
Cutting steel bar, wood and plywood
Excavator
Excavation work
Piling machine
Piling work
Lorries/Trucks
Transport the construction materials
Batching plant
Concrete processing and delivery
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Other tools:
• Hand held / portable tools
(hammer, chisel, drill)
• Ladder
• Scaffold (fixed and movable)
• Air Compressor
• Hammer Drill
• Generator
• Welding set
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Machineries / equipments require
certification from DOSH
Crane (Tower / Mobile)
Pilling machine and structure
Passenger hoist
Skip Hoist
Gondola
Air compressor
Material Hoist
Lift
Aerial Platform
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hazards at construction sites
Heat stress
Ergonomic problems
Noise
Biological
Mineral dust
Working at height
Machineries
Working in confined space
Electrical
Lighting
Radiation
Drown
Chemicals
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Types of typical accidents:
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Falling from elevated area /working at height
Falling within same floor level
Struck by fallen object
Buried (tertimbus) by collapse cliff / earth / fallen
structure
Electrical shock
Drown (lemas)
Hit by vehicles
Inhalation (terhidu) of toxic chemical
In contact with rotating machines
Caught (tersepit) between two objects
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Falling from elevated area (working at height) is
normally associated with the following:
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Ladder
Working platform
Roof (top of building)
Through floor opening (bukaan lantai)
Open edge (tepian terbuka)
Scaffolding (perancah)
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Factors that cause falling from elevated area
(working at height) :
• No wall or fence at working area
• Working area / equipment is not properly maintained
• Working area / equipment is not inspected before
starting work
• Equipment installer is not competent
• Employees are not provided with safety belt
• Improper design / structure of ladder
• Usage of damaged ladder / scaffold
• Usage of inappropriate ladder / scaffold
• Inappropriate position of ladder / scaffold
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Falling from the same level is normally associated with the
following:
• Legs getting caught with wire or hitting material on the floor
• Slippery floor
• Causal factors:
▫ Improper housekeeping at work area
▫ No housekeeping activity
▫ No equipment storage area
Causal factors of getting struck by fallen object:
• Improper housekeeping at work area
• No toe-board at the edge of the working platform
• No overhead protection
• No safety net
• Unsafe lifting method
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Buried by collapse cliff / earth / fallen structure is normally
associated with:
• accident happened during excavation work for the purpose of
scaffold or formwork installation
Causal factors:
• No earth support installation
• No work guidance or safety work procedure
• Overloaded
• Structure design error
• Usage of damaged or inappropriate scaffold
• Improper position of scaffold
• Working area / scaffold is not properly maintained
• Working area / scaffold is not inspected before starting work
• Scaffold installer is not competent
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Causal factors of electrical shock:
• In contact with electric current due to damage cable insulator
• Usage of damaged or modified electrical equipment
• No earth wire
• No safety device at the electrical equipment
Drown is normally associated with:
• Confined working area (tank, sewerage pipe)
▫ Lack of oxygen
• In water pond
▫ Swallowing water
• Causal factors:
• Insufficient air ventilation
• No exhaust air suction system
• No work guidance or safety work procedure
• Presence of too much water
• Employees are not trained and lack of experience
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Causal factors of getting hit by vehicles
• No dedicated pathway for employees / pedestrians
• No barrier / fencing separating employees and vehicles
• No traffic rules and enforcement in working area
• No inspection on vehicles
• No vehicles maintenance
• Untrained and inexperience driver
Inhaling toxic chemical
• In painting and welding activities
Causal factors
• Failure to use appropriate respirator
• Insufficient ventilation
• No air exhaust system
• Employees were not appropriately trained
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
In contact with rotating machine parts or caught between
objects
Causal factors
• No guard or fencing
• Using damaged guards or fencing
• Improper employees training
• Inappropriate guards or fencing design
• Guards or fencing are not at strategic location
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Safety and health management
The strategies:
• Establish Safety and Health Committee
• Identify work place hazards
• Assess the hazards risk
• Plan and organise safety and health action
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Safety and Health Management within Employers controls:
• Formulation of safety and health policy
• Employ safety and health officer (depending on project value) or site safety
supervisor
• Establish and enforce work place safety and health rules
• Issuance of permit to work for high risk activities
• Provide supervision for high risk activities
• Provide safety and health induction training for all employees
• Provide personal protective equipment and ensure its usage by all workers
• Establish safe work procedure for all activities
• Provide appropriate and safe equipment
• Select and appoint competent and well-trained person for high risk activity such as
crane operators or working at elevated area
• Investigate on all accidents and near misses
• Conduct inspection at the work place
• Establish communication system to allow and encourage employees feedback
• Establish periodical preventive maintenance for all machines and equipments
• Display safety warning signboards
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Conclusions
• Involvement of various activities at construction sites
resulted into many hazards with potential to cause
accidents
• There are established regulations related to safety and
health under FMA 1967 and OSHA 1994
• Employers must manage the safety and health aspects in
order to ensure the employees safety and health as well
as obliging to the law.
BDA 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Class Activities/ Discussions/Assignment
• Explain the building operations according to the FMA
1967.
• Describe 6 construction site hazards.
• Explain the types of accident at construction site.
• Plan the strategies that can be implemented in managing
the safety at construction site.
• Relate the requirements of FMA 1967 and OSHA 1994.