I.N.D.U.S.T.R.Y
 I—Increase in population, education and
the middle class
 N—New advancements in science
 D—Dangerous working conditions
 U—Urbanization (growth of cities)
 S—Standard of living increases
 T—Transportation improved
 R—Rise of pollution
 Y—Yeah, steel production improved
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 1) What began to change in the
mid-1700s? Why?
British began to create
machinery to perform work
usually done by hand
People left home and began
working in mills (IR)
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 2) Why did the IR begin in New
England?
Soil was too poor for farming,
so many people found work
elsewhere
Many water resources for
waterpower to run machinery
Close to iron and coal
Many ports for shipping goods
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 3) What terms describe America’s
economic system?
Capitalism (spend $ to make
profit)
Free enterprise (competition,
profit, private property and
economic freedom)
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 4) What are the key factors in the
IR?
WORKERS
WATERPOWER
LOCATION
CAPITAL
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 5) Inventions during this time
period included. ..
Spinning jenny and water frame
(spun thread)
Power loom (wove thread into
cloth)
COTTON GIN (remove seeds
from cotton)
The Power Loom
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 6) Patent law (1790) did…
Protected the rights of those
who developed “useful and
important inventions.”
First patent—Samuel Hopkins
for a process that made potash
(fertilizer)
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 7) What did Samuel Slater do to
violate GB secrecy regarding
technology?
They passed laws prohibiting
machinery/skilled mechanics from leaving
the country
He memorized the design of machines
and fled Britain
Duplicated all of Arkwright’s machines in
the U.S. –”Father of American Factory
System”
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 8) Lowell Mill
Francis Cabot Lowell opened a
textile plant in Massachusetts
Launched the factory system
Hired daughters of NE farmers to
work for a year or two in dorms
Eventually, demand for cloth led to
hiring immigrants
Pemberton mill (previously sold)
burned down in 1860
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 9) ______________ started
interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 10) What invention increased
cotton production?
Cotton gin
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 11) Why did cities grow?
Growth of factories ignited
growth of cities
Most cities grew along water
source
Jobs and attractions of city life
outweighed any of the dangers
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 12) What were some
characteristics of the growing
cities?
Buildings made of wood/brick
Unpaved streets/sidewalks
No sewage system
Fires spread easily
Variety of jobs
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
The New Industrial City
Drinking Water
• Wells for drinking water were often
contaminated by nearby privies and
unpenned animals, causing many
illnesses
• Most beverages consumed were
alcoholic
– Unclean water could cause illness and the
alcohol in beer and cider killed bacteria in
the water
– Beer contained low levels of alcohol, so
children could drink as well.
– Tea and hot chocolate were also popular
among people who could afford to buy it
BATHROOMS
• Homes had no bathroom,
septic system or running
water
• Chamber pots, hidden under
beds and inside chests,
acted as toilets
• Outdoor toilets of wood or
brick, called privies,
sometimes had 4 or more
holes for larger families.
– Waste pits below the privies
were normally cleaned by
chickens; sometimes slaves
would have to shovel them
out.
Yellow Fever
• From 1793-1822 yellow
fever was one of the
most dreaded diseases
in the port cities
• People did not
understand how
disease was spread.
• In 1793, Philadelphia
lost 15% of its
population
– Over 4,000 died between
August-October
Yellow Fever
• The fever had a remission two to three
days after the on-set of symptoms of
nausea and general debility which sent
some victims back to their jobs and into
the streets only to drop dead.
• As the disease matured so did the
horror of the symptoms.
– Bleeding at any orifice of the body
– Black vomit
– Constant hiccupping
Yellow Fever
• The first group recognized as prone
to get it were males between the
ages of 15 and 40, thus many heads
of family were victimized.
• Benjamin Rush was the first to
recognize the disease as yellow
fever.
NOW
• The mosquito was first identified as a
carrier in 1881 by Dr. Walter Reed’s
Yellow Fever Commission
• Vaccine developed in 1937 and first
given out in 1939 in West Africa
• There are over 10,000 deaths in South
America each year because of the
Fever
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
 13) What states had a population
of over one million by 1820?
VA, NY, PA