Development
Use this PowerPoint to complete the brainstorm on the topic of
‘development’
Key words
• Development is the process of change which
improves the well being of society in terms of
material wealth and quality of life.
Countries are in different stages of development
• LEDC’s are less economically developed countries
• MEDC’s are more economically developed countries
• NICs – newly industrialising countries
• RICs – recently Industrialised Countries
Measures of development
• Lots of different ways development can be
measured.
• Can be spilt into economic (money) and social
(people) indicators
Video http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/development/contrasts_devel
opment_video.shtml
Measures of development
Global pattern of Development
• North/ South divided
• Brandt Line – 1980’s divided the world into a
rich north and poor south
Global pattern of Development
This line is know becoming increasingly out of date as
more countries are starting to develop
Regional patterns of development
Case-study Ghana
• Ghana is a sub Saharan country
• The GNI is $770 per person
• It is an LEDC
• 45% of the population live on less than $1 a day
• 19% of children are malnourished
• There is a north south divided within the country
• Rich south and poor north
Make sure you can do a quick
sketch map of Ghana
(remember you will only get 1
mark – so do not do a detailed
map )
Get the shape right and label the
capital city and surrounding
countries
North South Divide- Facts
Facts you can use in the exam to show knowledge of case-studies
Regions
GNI
Access to health
care
Child malnutrition
Greater Accra
(south)
>300
81%
40.4%
Upper east (North)
<200
27%
33%
Causes of north/south divide
South
• Has a coastline this has allowed the southern regions to trade easily
through shipping ports.
• The coast has also attracted tourism to the southern regions.
• Has better infrastructure and industry has developed here.
North
• North has a harsher climate and unreliable rainfall, this means that
farming is also unreliable.
Millennium Development Goals
Videos
1. https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=Sj6q0Apd_cs
2. https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=v3p2VLTowAA
Progress – South Asian Countries
•
•
•
•
Progress slower than other regions (apart from Africa)
3% drop in extreme poverty (49% to 39%)
A good 11% gain in primary school enrolment
Cut in half the proportion of people without access to
clean drinking water
• Although 580 million people without sanitation
• Infant mortality was 7-11%
Progress –Sub Saharan Africa
• Made the least progress
• Number of people hungry has gone down
from 32% (1990) to 28% - however this is too
slow
Aid
Video http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/
gcsebitesize/geography/develo
pment/aid_video.shtml
Aid
Casestudy - Lesotho Highlands Water Project
• Large scale scheme to transfer water from Lesotho to
South Africa (city of Johannesburg)
• Shortage of clean water in Johannesburg (South Africa)
• Lesotho is one of the world poorest countries, with no
natural resources to sell apart from water
• Scheme involved building 200km long system of tunnels
and 6 dams
• Cost = $8 Billion
• Funded by a loan from the world Bank
Lesotho is shaded in yellow.
It is located within the
country of South Africa
Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Advantages
Disadvantages
Lesotho
• Make money from selling
• Resulted in water shortages as water is
water to South Africa
being piped to South Africa
• 75% of the countries
• Funded by a loan so has to be paid back
income comes from selling
with interest
this water
• Social and environmental impacts in the
• The construction work
building of the dams
created many jobs
South
Africa
• Supplies densely
populated areas have
access to clean drinking
water
• Many people had increased water bills
before receiving improved water supply
• Bills went up to fund the construction
• M<much of the water is lost due to leaking
pipes
Casestudy - Small scale water project – Oxfam, WaterAid and
Rural Aid
• Access to clean water and sanitation facilities in Ghana is low,
particularly in rural areas.
• Oxfam, WaterAid and Rural Aid (NGO’s) worked with local
communities to construct hand dug wells with pumps
• The project involved local people in the constructions
• Uses appropriate technology
• One village to benefit from the well was Asamponbisi Village
Video - http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/finding-and-collecting-water-inafrica/542.html
Small scale water project – Oxfam, WaterAid and Rural Aid
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Clean water provided to villages
• Project only small scale
• Children no longer have to walk
• Only benefit the communities
miles to the nearest water source
where the well has been built
(that did not provide clean water)
and instead go to school.
• Reduced illness that resulted
from drinking unclean water
• Reduced infant mortality
Casestudy - Oxfam Primary education project
• 100% of children attend school in MEDCs in LEDC many
children are not able to go to school, the main reason for this
is poverty.
• There has been a particular focus on improving education for
girls. This is because: –
–
–
–
Girls are less likely to be educated
the child of an uneducated mother is twice as likely to die (infant morality G4)
Educated women are more likely to have a smaller family (reduces poverty G1)
Empowers women (gender equality G3)
Oxfam Primary education project
• Long term development project
• Aims to provide support for primary school to Ghana
• Communities here are pastoral farmers – very poor and cant
afford to send their children to school
• Project supports 48 primary schools
• Outcomes: – 4053 enrolled at school (45% of these were girls)
– Women involved in the management of school G3
– Ration of books per pupil improved (from 1/5 to 2/3)
Large scale project vs Small scale
NGO’s in recent times tend to stick to small scale
development projects. Even through these only
benefits relatively small numbers of people.
Small scale projects are generally run by local
people and there fore do not have such a great
impact on the environment and people living in
an area.
Small scale project = sustainable