ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
BY
BHORANIYA AHEMAD ABBAS A.
(130460106008)
→ DOOR:
A door may be defined as a framework
of wood, steel, glass, aluminium or a combination
of all the materials; secured in an opening left in a
wall; for the purpose of providing entrance to the
users of the structure or building.
→ It basically consists of two parts, i.e.
(1) A frame
(2) Shutter(leaf)
→LOCATION OF DOORS :
The following points should be kept in view
while locating doors:
(1) The number of doors in a room should
be kept minimum, since larger number of doors
cause obstruction and consume more area in
circulation.
(2)It there are two doors in a room, the doors
should preferably be located in opposite walls,
facing each other, so as to provide good ventilation
and privacy of the occupants.
(3) The location of a door should meet
functional requirements of a room.
∙It should not be located in the centre of the
length of a wall.
∙ A door should preferably be located near the
corner of a room – nearly about 20 cm. away from
the corner.
TECHNICAL TERMS OF DOOR :
(1) Frame :
It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical
members, forming an enclosure, to which the shutters are
fixed.
(2) Shutters :
These are the openable parts of a door. It is an
assembly of styles, rails and panels.
(3) Head :
This is the top pr upper most horizontal part of a
frame.
(4) Style :
Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter
of a door or window.
(5) Top rail :
This is the top most horizontal member of a shutter.
(6) Lock rail :
This is the middle horizontal member of a door
shutter, to which the locking arrangement is fixed.
(7) Bottom rail :
This is the lower most horizontal member of a
shutter.
(8) Intermediate or Cross-rails :
These are the additional horizontal rails, fixed
between the top and bottom rail of a shutter.
A rail fixed between the top rail and lock rail is called
frieze rail.
(9) Panel :
This is the area of shutter enclosed between the
adjacent to rails and styles.
(10) Mullion :
This is the vertical member of a frame, which
is employed to sub-divide a window or a door vertically.
(11) Hold fats :
These are the mild steel flats (section 30*6
mm),
Generally bent into Z-shape, to fix or to hold the frame to
wall opening.
The horizontal length of hold fast is kept
about 20 cm. And is embedded in the masonary.
(12) Jamb :
This is the vertical wall face of an opening which
supports the frame.
(13) Reveal :
It is the external jamb of a door or window
opening at right angles to the wall face
→ SIZE OF DOORS :
- The size of doors may depends upon the functional
requirements of the room.
- The height of a door should be such that it would allow
the
movement of largest object or tallest person likely to use
the door.
- As a rule, the height of a door should not be less than
1.80 m. To 2.00 m.
- In case of W.C. And bathroom, where only one person is
expected pass through it, a door width of 75 cm. Is
sufficient,
whereas the size of a garage door should be such as to
permit the car to pass through it, it is kept 2.25 m. Wide.
- The width of the door should be such that two persons
can pass through it, walking shoulder to shoulder.
→ The common width-height relations, used in India are :
(1) Width = 0.4 to 0.6 of height
(2) Height = (Width + 1.2 ) metres
→ The generally adopted sizes of the doors for various
types of buildings, are as follows :
(a) Doors of Residential Buildings :
(1) External door = 1.10 * 2.0 m. to 1.20 * 2.0 m.
(2) Internal door = 0.9 * 2.0 m. to 1.00 * 2.0 m.
(3) Bath and W.C. Door = 0.7 * 2.0 m to 0.80 * 2.0 m.
(4) Car Garages Door = 2.25 * 2.25 m to 2.40 * 2.25 m.
(b) Doors of public Buildings, such as Schools,
Hospitals,
Libraries, etc. :
(1) 1.20 * 2.00 m.
(2) 1.20 * 2.10 m.
(3) 1.20 * 2.25 m.
→ TYPES OF DOORS :
- Depending upon the materials used, method of
construction and the arrangement of several parts; the
doors may be classified as below :
(1) Battened and Ledged door
(2) Battened, Ledged and Braced door
(3) Framed and Braced door
(4) Framed and panelled door
(5) Glazed and sash door
(6) Sliding door
(7) Flush door
(8) Revolving door
(9) Collapsible steel door
(10) Rolling steel door
(11) Swing door
→ BETTEND AND LEDGED DOORS :
→ This is the simplest form of a
door commonly used.
→ This door consist of a series of
battens , usually tongued, grooved
and fixed together with the ledges.
→ The battens are 10 cm. Wide and
16 to 32 mm thick.
→ This type of doors are used
for small opening, where
appearance and strength is not
of much importance and
economy is to be achieved.
→ BATTENED, LEDGED AND BRACED
DOORS :
→ This is an improved form of battened and
ledged door.
→ In this type of door, the inclined braces
are provided between the ledges as shown in
fig.
→ The braces are 25 to 32 mm thick and
10cm. wide.
→ They act like struts between the ledges
and increases strength and rigidity of the
door.
→ This door is commonly used for
bathrooms and in places where
appearance is not important as economy
→ FRAMED AND BRACED DOORS :
→ The frame work of this door consists of vertical
members called styles, horizontal members called rails,
inclined members called braces and vertical battens.
→ The rails are tenoned and wedged into the styles, the
battens are tongued, grooved and v-jointed.
→ This door is suitable for
external use as well as in
situations, where the door is likely
to be subjected to rough handling.
→ FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR :
→ This door consists of a framework of vertical members
called styles and horizontal members called rails; which
are grooved along thier inner adges to receive the panels.
→ The panels are made from timber, piywood, block
board, A.C. Sheets or glass.
→ This type of doors are widely
used in all types of buildings,
since they are strong and give
better appearance than battened
doors.
→ GLAZED AND SASH DOORS
:
→ This door consists of two vertical
styles, top rail and bottom rail and
either one large panel of glass or two
small wooden panels at the bottom and
the remaining area consisting of one
large glass panel or divided into small
glass panels by sash bars.
→ This type of doors are extensively
used in residential as well as public
buildings.
→ SLIDING DOORS :
→ In this type of door, the shutters
slides on the sides with the help of
runners and guide rails.
→ The door may have one sliding
shutter, two shutters or even three
shutters, depending upon the size of
the opening and the space available
on the sides for sliding.
→ Fig shows various types of sliding
arrangements.
→ FLUSH DOORS :
→ Flush doors are becoming
increasingly popular now days,
because of thier pleasing
appearance, simplicity of
construction, less cost, betterstrength and greater durability, etc.
→ They are used for residential as
well as public and commercial
buildings.
→ REVOLVING DOORS :
→ This type of doors are provided in
public buildings, such as Libraries,
Museums, Banks, etc. Where there are
constant visitors.
→ The door consists of centrally placed
mullion, to which four radiating
shutters are attached.
→ The mullion or vertical member is
supported on ball bearings at the
bottom and has bush bearings at the
top, so that it can rotate without jerk,
friction, noise, etc.
→ COLLAPSIBLE STEEL DOORS :
→ This type of doors are used in Godowns, Workshop,
Sheds, public buildings, etc. For providing increased
safety and protection to property.
→ This door is fabricated
from vertical double
channels (20*10*2 mm)
joined together with the
hollows in the inside, so that
a vertical gap is created.
→ ROLLING STEEL DOORS
:→ This type of doors are
commonly used for Garages,
Godowns, Shops, etc.
→ They are quite strong and offer
proper safety to the property.
→ The door consists of a frame, a
drum and a shutter of thin steel
plates (known as laths or slates)
interlocked together.
→ The frame may consists of steel
guides on both the sides of
opening in which the shutter
moves and then coils in the drum.
→ SWING DOORS :
→ A swing door consists of its
leaf attached to the door frame
by means of special double
action spring hinges, so that
the shutter an move both
inward or outward as desired.
→ Generally, this door has
single leaf, but two leafs can
also be provided.
→ This type of door is
generally provided in passages
of public buildings like
officers, banks, etc.
→ VENETIAN DOORS :
→ This type of doors are used for
bathrooms, latrines of residential
buildings or public buildings or in
workshops.
→ In this door, the styles of
shutter are grooved to receive a
series of louvers of glass or timber;
which are set in inclined position
at 45⁰; sloped downward towards
outside, to prevent the entry of
rain water as well as horizontal
vision and provides ventilation.