Organic Compound
Compounds containing a C-H bond
Organic Chemistry
• Found in all living things
• Carbon
– Four valence electrons
– Can form 4 covalent bonds
• Single, double, even triple
bonds
H
H-C-H
H
Organic Compounds
• Macromolecules-giant molecules
composed of many monomers
– Monomer- “single units” individual
building blocks of polymers
– Polymer- “many units” macromolecules
composed of many monomers
Monomer + Monomer +
Monomer= polymer
• Monomer:
–
–
–
–
Monosaccharide
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
• Polymer:
–
–
–
–
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
4
4 Major Macromolecules
• 1. Carbohydrates
• composed of:
– Carbon (1)
– Hydrogen (2)
– Oxygen (1)
– CARBS ARE SUGARS!!!!
– Function: energy supply
• Short-term energy storage
• Structural carbohydrates
• Tests – Simple sugars - Benedict’s Reagent
– positive - turns from a blue color to a
green/red/organge
– Polysaccharides - Iodine
– positive - turns from yellow to brown/black
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•
•
•
•
Monomer - MONOSACCHARIDES
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
Simplest of sugars - C6H12O6
– Galactose: found in milk C6H12O6
– Fructose: found in fruits C6H12O6
– Glucose: the most common simple sugar,
found in cells of every organism C6H12O6
– Simple sugars are easy for cells to break
down, thus they are good sources of chemical
energy for cells
Disaccharides
• Double sugars
• 2 monosaccharides joined together
– Sucrose: table sugar - C12H22O11
– Maltose: C12H22O11
– Lactose: C12H22O11
*All have same molecular formula, but are
structural isomers because have different
shape
Large molecules take longer to digest than
the simple sugars
Polysaccharides
• Simple sugars join together in long
chains
• May be the same monomer or different
monomers
• Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants
• Glycogen: major storage of carb. in
animals
• Cellulose: structural polysaccharide
found in the cell walls of plants
• Chitin: used by insects,
spiders,crustaceans and fungi
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2. Lipids
• Oily, greasy, waxy
fatty compounds
• Consist of C, H, O
• Insoluble (don’t mix)
in water because
they are non-polar hydrophobic
Lipids
• Lipids are not polymers like
the carbs, proteins, and
nucleic acid.
• Basic parts of a lipid are:
– Glycerol: a 3-carbon alcohol
– Fatty acid chains:16-18 carbons
long, all with H’s attached to
carbons, along with an acid
group (-COOH)
Lipids
• Test - Sudan IV (turns RED); brown
paper bag test (turns translucent)
• 3 Main types
– Fats
– Phospholipids
– Steroids
Fats
• Have 3 fatty acid chains
attached to a glycerol
• Functions
– Long term energy storage
– Cushion vital organs
– Insulation
– Saturated vs unsaturated
Phospholipids
• Similar to fats,
but only have
two fatty acids
• Main
component in
cell
membranes
Steroids
• Carbon rings
• Cholesterol – common in
animal cells and necessary to
make other steroids
• Sex steroids – necessary from
sexual development and
reproduction
• Other steroids function in
metabolism
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3. Proteins
• Composed of C, H, O, and
N.
• Functions
– Form tissues such as
muscle, skin, and
organs.
– Act as enzymes to help
chemical reactions occur.
• EVERYTHING in our body
is either a protein or it is
made by a protein!!
• Test - Biuret Reagent
• Positive - blue/violet/purple
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Proteins
• Monomer = AMINO ACID
• There are 20 different amino acids that
are common in living things.
• 4 parts of an amino acid – 3 are the
same in all A.A. and one is different
– Amino group
– H with central carbon
– carboxyl group
– R group (variable)
Amino Acids
• Amino acids are held
together by a PEPTIDE
BOND
• Polymer made of amino
acids is called a
POLYPEPTIDE.
• When the polypeptide is
folded and gains a function
in the cell it is called a
protein.
Important Proteins
• Insulin –
stimulates cells to
take in glucose.
– Made in the
pancreas
• Hemoglobin –
transports O2 in
the blood
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Enzymes...a special type of
protein
• Proteins that speed up a chemical
reaction - catalyst.
• Control nearly all chemical reactions
in the body
Activation energy
 Breaking down large molecules
requires an initial input of energy
activation energy
 large biomolecules are stable
 must absorb energy to break bonds

cellulose
energy
CO2 + H2O + heat
Reducing Activation energy
 Catalysts

reducing the amount of energy to
start a reaction
uncatalyzed reaction
Pheeew…
that takes a lot
less energy!
catalyzed reaction
NEW activation energy
reactant
product
Enzymes vocabulary
substrate
 reactant which binds to enzyme
 enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association
product
 end result of reaction
active site
 enzyme’s catalytic site; substrate fits into active site
substrate
enzyme
active site
products
Lock and Key model
 Simplistic model of
enzyme action

substrate fits into 3-D
structure of enzyme’
active site
 H bonds between
substrate & enzyme

like “key fits into lock”
In biology…
Size
doesn’t matter…
Shape matters!
Factors affecting enzyme function
 Enzyme concentration

as  enzyme =  reaction rate
 more enzymes = more frequently collide with
substrate

reaction rate levels off
reaction rate
 substrate becomes limiting factor
 not all enzyme molecules can find substrate
enzyme concentration
Factors affecting enzyme function
 Substrate concentration

as  substrate =  reaction rate
 more substrate = more frequently collide with
enzyme

reaction rate levels off
reaction rate
 all enzymes have active site engaged
 enzyme is saturated
 maximum rate of reaction
substrate concentration
Enzymes
• Denaturation
– A change in the shape of the
active site of an enzyme that
prevents it from binding with the
substrate.
– Can be caused by extreme
temperature or pH.
4. Nucleic Acids
• Composed of C, H, O, N, and P.
• Function – Serves as genetic material
for the cell. Most valuable information!
• Monomer = NUCLEOTIDE
– 3 Parts
• Nitrogenous Base
• Phosphate Group
• 5-Carbon Sugar
• Main forms of nucleic acids
– DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– RNA - Ribonucleic Acid