APARTHEID "In accordance with His will, it was decided who should assume the leadership of the government in this new period of the life of the people of South Africa.“ HF Verwoed, 1948 South African Statistics About twice the size of Texas GDP/ Capita: $10,300 (USA: $46,000) Education (% of GDP): 5.4% (USA: 5.5%) Deaths/ 1,000 Population: 16.99 (USA: 8.38) Origins: Europe’s Needs You need to understand Europe 1400 – 1700 – No refrigeration – Salt used as a preservative – Need for spices to mask flavor of Salt Rotten meat! – Where were spices grown? Asia (India, Indonesia) – Ottoman Turks closed the land link between Asia and Europe in 1453 – No Suez Canal (1869) – No Panama Canal (1914) Origins: Voyages of Discovery 1480 - 1600 Bartholomeu Dias - 1486 Christopher Columbus - 1492 Vasco Da Gama - 1497 Origins: European Settlers 1652 – Dutch: a corporate endeavor (Dutch East India Company) 1687 – French Huguenots escaping religious persecution 1795 – English 1820 – English Settlers 1838 – The Great Trek by the Boers to escape British persecution Origins: South Africa’s Need for Labor Sugar Diamonds Gold • 1860 • 1867 • 1886 Origins: Legislative Precursors to Apartheid Apartheid Pronounced : “Apart hate” Definition: – Separateness – a social policy of racial segregation involving political, economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites; Apartheid was not a system created by the Afrikaner, but it was a system adopted by the Afrikaner and further refined. Apartheid The National Party (predominately Afrikaans) argued that – South Africa did not comprise a single nation, but was made up of four distinct racial groups: white, black, colored, and Indian. – Each Group should live independently of each other to ensure racial harmony – Created Legislation to enforce these beliefs The Four Pillars of Apartheid Population Registration Act, 1950 Group Areas Act, 1950 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953 Bantustans Resistance to Apartheid Laws 1912 South Africa Native National Congress formed in response to the 1910 Act (The South Africa Act) 1923 renamed African National Congress 1952 Defiance Campaign (USA equivalent = Rosa Parks) 1955 Freedom charter 1960 PAC founded (military objectives) Resistance to Apartheid 1960: Sharpeville Massacre: March, 21 1960: ANC and PAC banned 1961: Formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe 1963 – 64: Rivonia Treason Trial 1976: Soweto Uprising, June 16 Images of Apartheid Violence and Apartheid (Warning: Some of the images are extremely graphic) Inequalities & Apartheid Apartheid and Transformation Apartheid and Forgiveness United Once Again