Brazil to 1930- Review
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Over ½ land mass of South America
Portuguese Speaking
Empire 1822-1889
First Republic 1889-1930
Struggle for control between military and civilians
Ruy Barbosa founds Civilista party but army rigs elections will not let
Barbosa win
1910 Brazil produces 90% of world’s rubber by 1921 10%- British
plantation rubber wins out
Coffee increasingly important 75% of world supply by 1900
Low price for coffee hurts Brazil during the Depression
1924 Communist Party emerges under Luis Carlos Prestes- “the
Prestes Column”
Dictatorship of Getulio Vargas 1930-1945
Present Brazilian president “Lula” one of current “leftist” presidents
(along with Kirchner in Argentina and Chavez in Venezuela)
Brazil
• Empire 1822-1889
• First Republic 18891930
• Deodoro da Foseca
1889-1893
• Floriano Peixoto
1893-1894
• Ruy Barbosa
• Prudente Jose de
Moraes Barros 18941898
• Canudos Revolt
1896-1898
• Euclides da Cunha
Os Sertoes
• Baron of Rio Branco
• Hermes da Fonseca
1910-1914
• Wenceslau Braz
Pereira 1914-1948
• Epitacio da Silva
Pessoa 1919-1922
Brazil-2
• Arthur da Silva
Bernardes 1922-1926
• Luis Carlos Prestes
• (Prestes Column)
• Washington Luiz
Pereira da Souza
1926-1930
• Getulio Vargas 19301945, 1950-1954
• Labor Party
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“o pai do povo”
Integralistas
Plinio Salgado
Estado Novo
D.I.P.
Lourival Fontes
Oswaldo Aranha
National Democratic
Union
• Eduardo Gomes
Brazil
• Social Democratic
Party
• Eurico Dutra
• “Queremos Getulio”
• Adolpf Berle
• Benjamin Vargas “O
Beijo”
• 2nd Republic 19451964
• Eurico Dutra 19461950
• Getulio Vargas
(again) 1950-1954 “o
pai do povo”
• Petrobras
• Juscelino Kubitshek
1956-1960
• New capital built at
Brasilia
Brazil
• Janio Quadros 1961
“a new broom”
• Joao “Jango” Goulart
1961-1964
• Military Rule 19641985
• Present President:
Ignacio Lula da Silva
“Lula”
Uruguay- Review
• Early 20th Century defined by ideas of Jose
Batlle y Ordonez 1903-1907, 1911-1915Colorado (Liberal Party)
• “Swiss System”, Welfare State, Socialism
• Other major party is Blanco (Conservative) Party
• Military which had previously stayed out of
politics, takes over 1972-1985, excuse is threat
of left wing urban guerilla movement- the
Tupamaros- but military overstays that crisis
• Democracy since 1989
Uruguay
• Jose Batlle y Ordonez
1903-1907, 19111915
• Colorado (Liberal)
Party
• Blanco (Conservative)
Party
• “Colegiado”
• Gabriel Terra 19301938
• Alfredo Baldomir 19381942
• Juan Jose Amezaga
1943-1947
• Jose Enrique Rodo Ariel
1900
• Luis Alberto Herrera
1958-1959
• Military Rule 1972-1985
• Tupamaros
• Tabare Vasquez present
President
Paraguay- Review
• Latin American country in which Indian most
integrated into national life 95% mestizo- bilingual population- Spanish/Guarani co-official
languages
• Isolated and dictator dominated in 19th century
• Loses War of Triple Alliance 1864-1870 (vs.
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay)- Population
reduced from 525,000 to 221,000 (only 28,000
men left!)
• Beats Bolivia in Chaco War 1932-1935
• Gen. Alfredo Sroessner dictatorship 1954-1989
• Democracy since 1989
Paraguay
• War of the Triple
Alliance 1864-1870
• Chaco War 19321935
• Alfredo Stroessner
1954-1989
• Carlos Rodriguez
1989
• Former Catholic
Bishop [Fernando
Lugo] elected
president beats
Colorado Party
(former long term
ruling party) in 2008
Argentina
• “Noventa” 1890
• La Union Civica de la
Juventud
• Leandro N. Alem
• Estancieros
• Union Civica Radical
• Juarez Celman
• Carlos Pellegrini
1890-1892
• Portenos
• Bartolome Mitre
• Julio A. Roca 18971904
• Luis Saenz Pena
1892-1895
• Hipolito Irigoyen “The
Armadillo” 1916-1922,
1928-1930
Argentina- 2
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Juan B. Justo
Lisandro de la Torre
Radical Party
Democratic
Progressive Party
• Luis Maria Drago
“The Drago Doctrine”
• Manuel Quintana
1904-1906
• Figureroa Alcorta
1906-1910
• Roque Saenz Pena
1910-1914
• Saenz Pena Law
1912
• “Gente Decente”
• La Prensa
• La Nacion
Argentina- 3
• Marcelo T. Alverar
1922-1928
• “Personalistas”
• “Anti- personalistas”
• Jose F. Uriburu 19301932
• Ezequiel Paz
• Augustin P. Justo
1932-1938
• Carlos Saavedra
Lamas
• Chaco War
• Roberto M. Ortiz
1938-1940
• Ramon S. Castillo
1940-1943
• “Rosistas”
• Enrique Ruiz Guinazu
Argentina- 4
• “Hispanidad”
• Accion Argentina
• La Junta de la
Victoria
• Bishop Miguel de
Andrea
• Rio Conference 1942
• Juan Peron 19441955, 1973-1974
• “Peronismo”
• General Arturo
Rawson
• General Pedro
Ramirez 1943-1944
• Critica
• Martinez Zuviria
“Hugo Vast:
• Alfredo Palacios
Argentina- 5
• Cordell Hull
• Edelmiro Farrell
1944-1946
• G.O.U. (Grupo de
Oficiales Unidos)
• Maria Eva Duarte
(“Evita” Peron)
• “Descamisados”
Nestor Kirchner
• Eva Peron
Foundation
• Spruille Braden “o
Braden o Peron”
• George Messersmith
• “Justicialismo”
• General
PedroEugenio
Aramburu 1955-1958
• Arturo Frondizi 19581960
Argentina- 6
• Dr. Arturo Frondizi 19631966
• Gen. Juan Carlos
Ongania 1966-1969
• Gen. Alejandro Lanusse
1969-1973
• “The Great National
Accord”
• Lopez Rega
• Juan Peron 1973-1974
• Isabel (“Isabelita”) Peron
1974-1976
• Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla
1976-1981
• Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato
Galtieri 1981-1982
• 1982 Faulkland Islands
(Malivinas) War
• Carlos Saul Menem
1989-1999
• Nester Kirchner
Argentina- Review 1
• Argentine economy #10 in the world in 1900
• Encouraged immigration, especially from Italy,
Western Europe
• Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo”- Radical Partymiddle class, immigrants, 1916-1922, 19281930
• Juan Peron 1946-1955, Military coup, Peron
controls G.O.U., Rises to power with support of
labor, “descamisados”
• Influence of Eva Peron (“Evita”)- “Godmother of
the poor”
Argentina- Review 2
• Juan Peron falls shortly after death of Eva- Argentine economy
ruined, military takes over in 1955
• Peron comes back as President 1973, dies 1974
• Peron’s 3rd wife Isabel (“Isabelita”) V.P. becomes president in 1974,
ousted by military 1976- “Isabelita” is no “Evita”
• Brutal military rule 1976-1983
• Army discredited by loss in the Fauklands (Malivinas) War 1982
• Democracy returns 1983
• Foreign Debt problems
• Nester Kircher- current president- leftist ally of “Lula” in Brazil and (in
a sense) Hugo Chavez in Venezuela rejects IMF rules, seeks
independent (from U.S.) f. policy
• Now Mrs. Kirchner (Christina Fernandez de Kirchner) is president
Chile
• Juan Luis Sanfuentes
1915-1920
• Arturo Alessandri
Palma “The Lion of
Tarapaca” 1920-1924,
1925, 1932-1938
• Carlos Ibanez 19251931
• Marmaduke Grove
• Gustavo Ross
• Pedro Aguirre Cerda
1938-1942
• Juan Antonio Rios
1942-1946
• Gabriel Gonzalez
Videla 1946-1952
• Pablo Neruda
• Jorge Alessandri
1958-1964
Chile- 2
• F.R.A.P. (Frente de
Accion Popular), U.P.
(Unidad Popular)
• Salvador Allende 19701973
• Eduardo Frei 1964-1970
• Radomiro Tomic
• 1970 Election:
Allende
36.3%
Allesandri 34.9%
Tomic
27.8%
• General Augusto
Pinochet 1973-1990
• Michelle Bachelet
Chile- Review
• Chile winner in War of the Pacific (late 19th century)
• Mineral Wealth
• Personalismo: Arturo Alessandri Palma, “The Lion of
Taracapa” 1920-1924, 1932-1938
• 1970 Election- Salvador Allende (non-communist
Marxist) elected president on his 3rd try with 36.3% of
the vote (2 other major candidates)
• Allende nationalizes U.S. copper and other companies
• CIA works actively to undermine Allende (Nixon and
Kissinger)
• Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990- brutal military dictatorship
• 1990 return democracy
• Chilean economy prosperous
Bolivia
• Chaco War 1932-1935
• “Tin Barons” (Patino,
Hochschild, Aramayo)
• David Toro 1936-1937
• German Busch 19371938
• Enrique Penaranda 19401943
• Catavi Massacre 1942
• M.N.R. (Movimiento
Revolucionaria Nacional)
• Victor Paz Estenssoro
1952-1956, 1985-1989
• Grialberto Villaroel 19431946
• The National Revolution
1952-1964
• Rene Barrientos 19641969
• Ernesto “Che” Guevara
(died 1967)
• Juan Jose Torres 19691971
Bolivia- 2
• Hugo Banzer 19711978
• Luis Garcia Meza
1980-1982
• Klaus Barbie
• Evo Morales
Bolivia- Review
• Indian majority 55%+
• Most volatile Latin American country= 200+ regime
changes
• Always trying to make up for loss of access to the sea
due to the War of the Pacific
• Chaco War with Paraguay 1932-1935 (Bolivia loses)
• “Tin Barons”
• Left wing reforms: M.N.R.- Victor Paz Estenssoro 19521956, 1985-1989
• Current democracy still chaotic- Indian majority asserting
itself on issue of oil pipeline
Peru- Review
• 45% Indian
• Early 20th century dictatorship: Augusto P. Leguia 19081912, 1919-1930
• Left wing thought: Mariategui, Victor Raul Haya de la
Torre, A.P.R.A.
• Left Wing military dictatorship: Juan Velasco Alvardo
1968-1975, continued by General Morales 1975-1980
• 1980 Return to democracy
• 1985-1990 Alan Garcia- A.P.R.A. finally in presidencyrepudiates foreign loans- economic disaster
• Alberto Fujimori 1990-2000 uses dictatorial meansSendero Luminosa defeated
• Current President: Alejandro Toledo- full blooded Indian
Peru
• Augusto P. Leguia
1908-1912, 19191930
• Manuel Gonzalez
Prada (lived 18481918)
• Jose Mariategui,
Seven Interpretive
Essays on Peruvian
Reality
• Victor Raul Haya de
la Torre
• A.P.R.A. (Alianza
Popular
Revolucionaria
Americana) 1924
• Luis Sanchez Cerro
1930-1933
• Oscar Benavides
1933-1939
• Manuel Prado 19391945, 1956-1952
• Jose Luis Bustamonte
1945-1948
Peru- 2
• Manuel Odria 19481956
• Fernando Belaunde
Terry 1963-1968,
1980-1985
• Juan Velasco
Alvarado 1968-19681975
• Francisco Morales
Bermudez 1968-1975
• Alan Garcia 19851990
• Sendero Luminoso
(Abimael Guzman)
• Mario Vargas Llosa
• Alberto Fujimori 19902000
• Alejandro Toledo
• Alan Garcia again
Ecuador- Review
• 25% Indian
• Ecuador has lost over ½ of national territory
since independence
• Personalismo: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
president 5 times: 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 19521956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972
• Democracy: Galo Plaza 1948-1952
• Military Rule: 1963-1968, 1972-1978
• 1979 Return to democracy
• Recent oil prosperity
• Politics still volatile
Ecuador
• Gabriel Garcia Moreno
“The Theocratic State”
1860-1895
• Eloy Alfaro 1895-1901,
1906-1911
• Carlos Arroyo del Rio
1940-1944
• Galapagos Islands
• Jose Maria Velasco
Ibarra 1934-1935, 19441947, 1952-1956, 19601961, 1968-1972
“Personalismo”
• Galo Plaza, 1948-1952
• Camilo Ponce Enriquez,
1956-1960
• Carlos Julio Arosemena
1961-1963
• Guillermo Rodriquez Lara
1972-1979
• Rafael Correa
Colombia- Review
• General Respect for Democratic principles
(Liberal/Conservative Parties)
• Assassination of Leftist Liberal Jorge E. Gaitan
in 1948 leads to…
• “La Violencia” 1948-1966
• Rojas Pinilla dictatorship 1953-1957
• 1958 return to democracy
• Corruptive influence of drug cartels (demand in
U.S.)
• Heavy current U.S. aid to fight drugs
Colombia
• Rafael Reyes 1904-1909
• Enrique Olaya Herrera
1930-1934
• Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo
1934-1938, 1942-1945
• Alberto Lleras Camargo
1945-1946
• Mariano Ospina Perez
1946-1950
• Laureano Gomez 19501953
• Jorge Eliecer Gaitan
• “La Violencia”
• Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1953-1957
• The National Front 19581974
• Alfonso Lopez Michelson
1974-1978
• Cesar Turbay Azola
1978-1982
Colombia 2
• Belisario Betancur
1982-1986
• Union Patriotica 1986
• Virgilio Barco 19861990
• Cesar Gaviria Trujillo
1990-1994
• Ernesto Samper
Pizano 1994-1998
• Andres Pastrana
Arango 1998-2002
• Alvaro Uribe Velez
2002• F.A.R.C.
• M19
• Pablo Escobar
Venezuela
• Cipriano Castro 18991908
• Juan Vicente Gomez
1908-1935
• Eleazar Lopez
Contreras 1935-1940
• Isaias Medina
Angarita 1940-1945
• Accion Democratica
(AD.)
• Junta
• Romulo Betancourt
1945-1947, 19591964
• Romulo Gallegas
1948
• Dona Barbara
• Coup
• Marcos Perez
Jimenez 1952-1958
• Raul Leoni 1964-1968
Venezuela 2
• Rafael Caldera 19691974, 1994-2000
• Carlos Andres Perez
1974-1979, 19891994
• Luis Herrera Campins
• 1979-1984
• Jaime Lusinchi 19841989
• Hugo Chavez
Venezuela- Review
• Dominated by dictators in early 20th
century (Worst example: Marcos Perez
Jimenez 1952-1958)
• Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica
(A.D.) Romulo Betancourt 1945-1947,
1959-1964
• Dependence on oil revenue
• Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds
with U.S.
Panama
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Theodore Roosevelt
Hay-Pouncefote Treaty
Hay-Herran Treaty
Phillipe Baneau-Varilla
Hay-Baneau Varilla
Treaty
• Arnulfo Arias 1940-1968
• Robert Chiari 1960
• Omar Torrijos Herrera
1968-1981
• Manuel Noriega 19811989
• Guillermo Endara 1984
• Ernesto Perez Balladares
• Martin Torrijos (son of
Omar)
Costa Rica
• Frederico A. Tinoco
1917
• Rafeal Angel
Calderon Guardia
• Otilio Ulate
• Jose “Pepe” Figueras
1953-1958
• P.L.N. 1952
• O.A.S (Organization
of American States)
• Mario Echandi 19581962
• Francisco Orlich
1962-1966
• Jose Joaquin Trejos
1966-1970
• Oscar Arias Sanchez
Nicaragua
• Jose Santos Zelayas
1893-1909
• Thomas G. Dawson
• Adolfo Diaz
• “Dollar Imperialism”
• Bryan-Chamorro
Treaty 1916
• Juan B. Sacasa
• Augusto Cesar
Sandino
• Jose Maria Moncada
• Somoza “Dynasty”
1933-1979
• Anastasio Somoza
(“Tacho”) 1933-1956
• Luis Somoza 19571963
• Anastasio Somoza
Debayle (“Tachito”)
1974
Nicaragua- 2
• Rene Gutierrez
Schick 1963
• “Sandinistas”
• La Prensa Pedro
Jaoquin Chamorro
• “Contras”
• Oliver North
• Daniel Ortega 19851990
• Violetta Barrios de
Chamorro 1990-1996
• Ruben Dario
• Daniel Ortega again
president
Honduras:
• Tiburcio Carias
Andino 1932-1948
• Manuel Galvez 19481954
• Dr. Ramon Villeda
Morales 1957-1963
• Osvaldo Lopez
Arellan 1964-1968
• The “Soccer War”
1969
• Ricardo Maduro
2002-2008
• Manuel Zelayas 2008
(signed pact w/Hugo
Sanchez recently)
El Salvador
• The “14 Families”
• Personalismo
• Maximiliano
Hernandez Martinez
1932-1944
• Augustin Farabundo
Marti
• F.M.L.N.
• P.R.U.D. 1948
• Christian Democratic
Party
• Jose Napoleon
Duarte
• A.R.E.N.A. Party
• Alfredo Christiani
• Roberto D’abussion
• Armando Calderon
Sol
• Antonio Saca 2004
Guatemala:
• Manuel Estrada
Cabrera 1898-1920
• United Fruit Company
• Jorge Ubico 19311944
• Juan Jose Arevalo
1945-1950
• Jacobo Arbenz 19501954
• Agrarian Law of 1952
• Carlos Castillo Armas
1954-1957
• Miguel Ydigoras
Fuentes 1958
• Belize
• Col. Enrique Peralta
Azurdia 1963
• Efrian Rios Mott 1982
• Rigoberta Menchu
• Oscar Berger 2004-
Haiti
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Haiti:
Creole
Vodun (Voodoo)
William Jennings Bryan
Roger L. Farnham
Jean Villaban Guillaume
Sam
• Dr. Rosolvo Bobo
• Phillipe Sudre
Dartiguenave
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Admiral Caperton
Col. Littleton W.T. Waller
“Cacao Armies”
Gendarmerie d’Haiti
Smedley D. Butler
Ecole Militaire 1928
Corvee System
Charlemange Peralte
General John H. Russell
Louis Borno
Haiti
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Union Patriotique
Stenio Vicent 1930-1941
Negritude
Mulatto
Elie Lescot 1941-1946
Dumarsias Estime 19461950
• Col. Paul Magliore 19501956
• Port au Prince
• “The Elite”
• Francois Duvalier “Papa
Doc” 1957-1971
• Tontons Macoutes
“Bogeymen”
• Baron Samedi
• Jean Claude Duvalier
“Baby Doc” 1971-1986
• Jean Bertrand Aristide
• Rene Garcia Preval
Dominican Republic
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Personalismo
“Roosevelt Corollary”
Fabio Fiallo
Sumner Wells
Horacio Vasquez
1924-1930
• Rafael Leonidas
Trujillo Molina 19301961
• Juan Bosch
• Jaoquin Balaguer
1966-1970, 19861995
• Lionel Fernandez
2004-
Cuba
• Platt Amendment 1902
• Tomas Estrada Palma
1902-1906
• Charles Magoon 19061909
• Jose Miguel Gomez 1909
• Gerardo Machado 19251933
• Porristas
• A.B.C
• Sumner Wells
• Carlos Manuel de
Cespedes
• “Sargents Revolt”
• Fulgenio Batista 19341944, 1952-1959
• Grau San Martin 19441948
• Carlos Prio Socarrias
1948-1952
• Moncado Barracks Attack
7/26/53
• Fidel Castro 1959-?
• Raul Castro
• Ernesto “Che” Guevara