CHAPTER 26 Between the Wars Search for Security- France United States didn’t ratify the Versailles treaty Not a member of the League of Nations Without the US, Britain backed off their promise to protect France, Russia became hostile : alliance with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia Weaknesses of Eastern countries no real replacement for Russia France strictly enforced Versailles Reparations When Germany could no longer make annual payments of 2.5 billion gold marks, France occupied the Ruhr Valley Inflation Germany began printing more paper money 1914: $1 = 4.2 M 1923: $1 = 4.2 TRILLION M : reduced reparations and stabilized Germany’s payments on basis of affordability Initial $200 million loan for recovery Began era of European prosperity Permanent Peace? : (Germany, Italy, France, England, Belgium) guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium Allies left Rhineland Countries would defend each other if one attacked Germany did not accept new Poland border in east “Peace at Last” : renounced war as an instrument of national policy Attempts at disarmament largely ignored Roaring Twenties Berlin became the entertainment center of Europe Nightclubs, Charleston Radio & Cinema Jazz Josephine Baker Propaganda Entertainment Mass Leisure Sports, Olympics, Tourism Dopolavoro, Kraft durch Freude: coordinated free time Great Depression Causes Downturn in domestic economies Collapse of American stock market Funds pulled from European banks and investments Effects Unemployment Great Britain 25% Germany 40% Led to violence in streets Increased Government interventions increase in Marxism Increase in authoritarian solutions like Great Depression Great Britain worked through coalition governments, raised tariffs John Keynes: argued demand could be raised by public works financed through deficit spending Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq India: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948): “Great Soul” or Mahatma taught nonviolent resistance 1935: internal self-government Moving away from Democracy Postwar societies were divided along class lines – weakened social cohesion War bonds sank in value, hurting middle-class Women forced out of wartime jobs as men returned Many women needed jobs as they were newly widowed or lost marital prospects People felt victimized by war and depression Moderate beliefs had fewer followers as Europeans looked for answers Modern Totalitarian States Demands active loyalty and commitment Propaganda to conquer minds and hearts Total state aimed to control economic, political, social, intellectual, cultural aspects of society Led by a single leader, single party Rejects limited government and individual freedoms Mussolini’s Italy – Fascist Nazi Germany – Fascist Soviet Union - Communist Fascist Italy 1919: Socialists, Liberals, and Popolari were unable to form a cohesive coalition Socialists spoke of revolution, alarming conservatives Benito Mussolini combined anticommunist, antistrike sentiment with nationalist rhetoric and brute force to gain favor : armed Fascists formed and attacked Socialists and unions Fascists were able to paint themselves as party of order October 24, 1922: March to Rome with King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime minister Il Duce : any party winning 25%+ would be allotted 2/3s of seats Freedom of press, from arrest, due process, of assembly all limited Militarization Fascists won 65% and majority of seats in parliament Youth Fascists groups enlisted 66% of adolescents “Woman into the Home” Large families encouraged with incentives and holidays (1929)- Sovereignty of Vatican City, Catholicism sole religion, Church supported Fascist regime Nazi Germany – established after WWI Paul von Hindenburg, President- monarchist, not in favor of republic Hyperinflation & Depression Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Austrian, failed artist Decorated WWI Veteran Anti-Semitic German nationalist Need for struggle Nazi Germany Rise of Hitler By 1921, controlled party and renamed National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Created flags, badges, uniforms, newspapers, rituals : (Strumabteilung – Storm Troopers) police force, defended party, break up other parties’ meetings emulated Mussolini, marched on Berlin, failed and arrested – stresses Lebensraum and Anti- Semitism Hitler realizes an overthrow must come from the inside Nazi Germany Rise of Hitler Führerprinzip- leadership principle, single-minded party under one leader A good Nazi is one who will die for his Führer Gained thousands of followers who craved ACTION Used unemployment, social unrest to gain votes Hindenburg and other leaders underestimated Hitler and believed they control him January 30,1933, named Hitler Chancellor Hermann Göring (1893-1946) made minister of interior and created police force of SA Nazi Germany February 27: Hitler accused Communists Hindenburg issues emergency power to Hitler Suspends all basic rights of citizens : made Hitler dictator : all institutions under Nazi control Purged Jews from government Concentration camps established Autonomy of states eliminated Trade unions destroyed All parties abolished Dissent, like from Ernst Röhm, put down Nazi Germany- The Total State Total Involvement – combined symbolism and amusement to create a totalitarian state Evoked mass enthusiasm Economy Didn’t nationalize industry- doesn’t matter who controls industry as long as they recognize their master Public works projects, grants given to private industry ended depression Laborers had to have a – controlled masses Nazi Germany- The Total State SS- Schutzstaffeln “protection squads” led by Heinrich Himmler (19001945) Controlled all regular and secret police under 2 principles – secret police, criminal police, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps further the Aryan master race Hitler Youth- children made oaths to Hitler Women given jobs meant to foster motherhood Nazi Germany- Creating an Aryan Nation Two-Day boycott of Jewish businesses Laws excluded “non-Aryans” from legal, civil service, medical, teaching, entertainment, press positions Took away citizenship Forbade marriages between Jews and Germans Separate Jews politically, socially, legally Star of David Night of the Broken Glass (Nov 9, 1938) Soviet Union Troubles Civil War (1917-1921) 300,000 dead Red Terror: (1918) 250,000 executions Famine (1920-1922) 5 million dead 1921: Industry was 20% of 1913 levels Modified capitalism Private Ownership reintroduced Industry and banking remain to Government 1922: “ ” Agriculture boomed, industry did not Soviet Union January 21, 1924: Lenin died (seven members) divided Left: Leon Trotsky, wanted to end NEP, carry on revolution and spread Communism Right: continue NEP, rejected world revolution, construct a socialist state Josef Stalin (1879-1953) party general secretary 1922: appointed 10,000 to key positions Supported Right Gained control in 1927, expelled Trotsky Soviet Union under Uncle Joe Transition from agricultural country to industrial state Maximum production of capital goods and armaments Quadrupled production, Doubled oil production, Steel 48 million tons, Coal 36128 million tons Soviet Union under Uncle Joe Downside of 5 Year Plans Investment in housing, Wages declined Laws limited freedom of movement Propaganda stressed sacrifice Collectivization of agriculture Surplus through elimination of private farms Starved peasants to comply 10,000,000 peasants died Purged Old Bosheviks 8 million arrested, millions died in Siberian labor camps Spanish Civil War King Alfonso supported a coup under General Miguel Primo de Rivero, but the Great Depression saw this regime fall apart, and Alfonso fled Spain Republic led by the Popular Front (Leftist groups) was unpopular to army officers General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) led a revolt Franco supported by Hitler and Mussolini Popular Front supported by USSR Abraham Lincoln Brigade from US fought 400,000 killed, 200,000 executed after war Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany Hanna Höch 1919 Impact of WWI on art WWI, Depression, rise of Fascism added to uncertainty Fountain expresses anguish of times Marcel Duchamp, 1917 Edvard Munch (1863-1944) emphasizes purposelessness of life Rebellion from artistic movements Hanna Höch (1889-1978) Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) sought reality beyond material world and AP EURO Mustache of the Year into the unconscious Nominee Portrays fantasy, dream, nightmare Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) Creates a disturbing world where irrational is tangible The Scream 1893 The Persistence of Memory Dali, 1931