How interested are you in owning
your own business someday?
A. Very interested
B. Somewhat interested
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Very uninterested
A. A
B. B
C.
0% C0%
D. D
B
C. Somewhat uninterested
Chapter 13 North and South
(1820-1860)
Section 4 The South’s People
How did unique elements of culture
develop among enslaved African
Americans in the South?
Farms and Plantations
• The Southern
economy was based
on agriculture
• Most believed the
South was full of
wealthy white
slaveholders
• In reality, most white
Southerners did not
have any slaves or
only a few
• Most white
Southerners fit into 4
categories
• Yeoman, tenant
farmers, the rural poor,
or plantation owners
Small Farmers and the Rural Poor
• Yeomen (Farmers
without slaves) made
up the largest group of
whites in the South
• Yeomen grew crops for
their own use and to
sell
• Yeomen lived in the
Upper South and in the
hilly areas of the Deep
South
• Some white
Southerners worked as
tenant farmers
• Worked the land for
landlords
What group made up the largest
number of whites in the South?
A. Tenant farmers
B. The rural poor
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Yeomen
A. A
B. B
C.
0% C0%
D. D
B
C. Enslaved workers
Small Farmers and the Rural Poor Continued
• Most Southern whites
lived in simple homes
• The rural poor lived in
crude cabins in wooded
areas
• Rural poor were looked
down upon by other
whites
• Stubbornly independent
• Proud of being selfsufficient
• Often avoided jobs that
were normally done by
enslaved people
Plantations
• A large plantation (big farm)
might have several thousand
acres
• Owners measured how rich
they were by how many
slaves they had
• Only 4% of plantation owners
owned 20 or more slaves
• Most had less than 10
• A few free African Americans
also held enslaved workers
• Some free African Americans
purchased members of their
own families to free them
Plantations Continued
• The goal of plantations
were to earn profits
• Cotton prices varied
from season to season
• Cotton was sold to and
held by agents
• Agents then sold
cotton when prices
rose
• Only when the cotton
sold were planters
paid
• This kept the planters
in debt
Plantation Wives
• Plantation wives took
charge of their
household
• They watched over the
house slaves and took
care of them when they
became sick
• Wives might be in
charge of financial
records
• Often a lonely and
difficult life
• Planters often absent,
dealing with cotton
agents
• Wives spent long
periods alone
Life Under Slavery
• Enslaved African
Americans suffered
hardships and misery
• They worked hard- for
no money
• Had little hope of
freedom
• Often sold from planter
to planter and taken
from their loved ones
• Often they resisted
slavery
Family Life
• American laws did not
protect enslaved families
in the early 1800s
• A slaveholders death
could lead to a breakup
of an enslaved family
• Family members could
be sold
• Although not recognized
by law, marriages
between enslaved
people occurred
• The vows included “until
death or separation do
us part”
• Extended families
became a vital feature of
African American culture
African American Culture
• 1808- Congress outlawed
the slave trade, but slavery
remained legal
• No new enslaved people
could enter the US
• By 1860- almost all slaves
in the South were born there
• African traditions of music,
dance, and folk stories
remained
• Often slaves accepted
Christianity, but kept
religious beliefs and
practices of their African
ancestors as well
African American Christianity
• Christianity became a religion
of hope and resistance for
many enslaved people
• They prayed for their freedom
• The passionate beliefs of the
enslaved Southerners found
expression in the spiritual
(African American folk song)
• “Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel”
• Spirituals also enabled
enslaved people to
communicate secretly among
themselves
• Often combined the Christian
faith with their earthly
suffering
Slave Codes
• Between 1830 and 1860- slave
codes were passed to control
slaves
• Slave codes existed since the
1700s
• One purpose was to prevent a
slave rebellion
• Slave codes prohibited slaves
from assembling in large groups
• Also had to have passes before
leaving the slaveholders property
• Slave codes made it a crime to
teach a slave to read or write
• White Southerners feared that an
educated slave might lead a
revolt
Which of the following was not a part of the slave
codes?
A. Enslaved people were prohibited
from assembling in large groups.
D.
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
0%
D
A
0%
B
C.
A.
An enslaved person must have
B.
a written pass before leaving the
slaveholder’s property.
C.
Engaging in slave trade was made illegal.
D.
C
B. It was a crime to teach enslaved
people to read or write.
Resistance to Slavery- Nat Turner
• Some slaves rebelled
against their owners
• Nat Turner, a religious
leader, taught himself to
read and write
• Turner led his followers on
a brief violent rampage in
Southhampton County,
Virginia
• Before he was captured,
Turner and his followers
killed at least 55 whites
• Nat Turner was hanged
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion led
to more severe slave codes
Resistance to Slavery
• Armed revolts were
rare
• Most resistance by
slaves was working
slowly or pretending to
be ill
• Sometimes slaves
would set fire to a
plantation building or
break tools
• This helped slaves
tolerate their lack of
freedom
• Resistance also set
boundaries that
slaveholders would
respect
Escaping Slavery
• Some slaves tried to escape
to the North
• Harriet Tubman and
Frederick Douglass fled to
the North
• Getting to the North was
difficult for slaves and they
often got aid from a secret
network called…
• The Underground Railroad
• Safe houses along the way
owned by those that
opposed slavery.
• Most runaways were caught
and returned
• Discipline was severewhipping was most common
Life in Southern Cities
• The 10 largest cities in the
South were either seaports
or river ports (Baltimore and
New Orleans)
• Cities at crossroads of the
railways began to grow
(Atlanta)
• Whites, slaves, and free
African Americans lived in
these cities
• Free African Americans’
lives were not secure
• Their rights were limited
• Most states would not allow
them to move state to state
• Free African Americans
were denied an equal share
in economic and political life
Which of the following was not a
large Southern city in the mid-1800s?
A. Baltimore
B. New Orleans
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Atlanta
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Pittsburgh
Education
• There were no public schools, if
you wanted to be educated you
would have to go to a private
school
• Mid 1800s- North Carolina and
Kentucky set up and ran public
schools
• The South was behind other
sections of the country in literacy
• One reason was because the
South’s geography
• The South had few people per
square mile
• Would have to travel great
distances to send their children to
school
• Many Southerners also believed
that education was a private
matter, not a state function
How did unique elements of culture develop
among enslaved African Americans in the
South?
-The possibility of family separation led to large,
close knit extended families
-Christianity and African religious beliefs were
practiced simultaneously and blended
-Christianity stressed hope for freedom and
resistance to bondage, and out of it came the
spiritual, which evolved as a secret
communication methods
All Southerners owned land, even if
it was only a small amount.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
Plantation owners with many enslaved
workers were considered very wealthy.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
Plantation wives often worked in the
fields with the enslaved workers.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
Enslaved African Americans often
were separated from their families.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
The largest group of whites in
the South was made up of
yeomen.
plantation owners.
tenant farmers.
rural poor.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
The main goal of large
plantation owners was to
A. enslave people.
B. produce more
cotton.
C. earn a profit.
D. build a larger
plantation.
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Who was the religious leader
who led a slave revolt in 1831?
A. Harriet Tubman
B. Nat Turner
C. Frederick
Douglass
D. Eli Whitney
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African American folk songs that expressed
the passionate beliefs of the South's
enslaved workers were called
A. overseers.
25% 25% 25% 25%
B. yeomen.
C. slave codes.
D. spirituals.
What was the network of safe houses that
assisted runaway enslaved persons?
A. slave houses
B. runaway houses
C. Underground
Railroad
D. slave codes
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Participant Scores
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Team Scores
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