Slide 1
A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
Chapter Four:
Health
John W. Santrock
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Slide 2
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Children’s health
– Changing patterns of illness are of concern
– Two areas of focus: poverty, prevention
– Prevention
• Immunization, efforts to avoid accidents
• Caregivers’ roles important
– Affects motor, cognitive, socioemotional
development
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Slide 3
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Children’s health
– Poverty
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•
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7% of US children receive no health care
11 million US preschool children malnourished
Low-income families at highest risk
Malnutrition causes poor resistance to disease
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Slide 4
Recommended Immunization Schedule of
Normal Infants and Children
AGE
IMMUNIZATION
2 months
Diphtheria, polio, influenza
4 months
Diphtheria, polio, influenza
6 months
Diphtheria, influenza
1 year
TB test
15 months
Measles, mumps, Rubella, influenza
18 mos, 4-6 yrs Diphtheria, polio
Fig. 4.1
11-12 years
Measles, mumps, Rubella
14-16 years
Tetanus-diphtheria
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Slide 5
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Adolescents’ health
– Many factors and lifestyle linked to both poor
health habits and early death in the adult years
begin during adolescence
• Important models: peers, family, social contexts
– Improving adolescent health
• Reduce risky behaviors
• Encourage healthy behaviors
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Slide 6
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Emerging and young adults’ health
–
–
–
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2x higher mortality rate of adolescents
Fewer chronic health problems
Fewer colds, respiratory problems
Little thought about lifestyle’s links to health
• Poor lifestyles associated with poor health
– Impacts on life satisfaction
• Negative effects of abusing the body
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Slide 7
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health and aging
– Alzheimer’s disease linked to aging
– 17% of US adults aged 65 to 74 have a disability
– 50% of US adults are free of disability until age 85
• Chronic disorders
– Slow onset, long duration, higher rates for males
• Arthritis, heart conditions, diabetes, asthma
• Types vary by gender in middle age
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Slide 8
Increasing
Disabilities
with Age
Fig. 4.3
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Slide 9
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health and aging
– Osteoporosis
• Extensive bone tissue loss; affects walking
• 80% of US cases: females, broken bones
– White, thin, small-framed women
• Affects 66% of women over age 60
• Healthy diet, exercise, medications reduce risks
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Slide 10
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health and aging
– Dementia
• Neurological disorder; mental functioning loss
• 20% of all over age 80 have dementia
– Alzheimer disease (form of dementia)
• Progressive, irreversible, gradual loss to death
• 2008: about 5.2 million Americans affected
• Onset varies: age, genes, lifestyle
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Slide 11
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health and aging
– Early detection of Alzheimer disease
• Abnormal cognitive changes
• MRI, other brain scans, medication treatments
– Caring for Alzheimer patients
• Professionals and support systems necessary
– Care is emotionally draining; depression
• Respite care: temporary relief
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Slide 12
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health and aging
– Parkinson disease (a type of dementia)
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•
•
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Chronic, progressive, muscle tremors
Neurotransmitter (dopamine) loss
Drug treatments in early stages; loss of effect over time
Deep brain stimulation shows promise
– Dementia causes unknown; no cures to date
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Slide 13
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health treatment for older adults
– Alternative home, community-based care
• Nursing homes used less; need increases as person
ages
– Nursing homes: Quality varies enormously
– Problems: failed inspections, minimal standards,
over 1/3 have serious deficits, patient rights issues
– Best care promotes ‘patient self-control’
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Slide 14
Percentage
of Older
Adults of
Different
Ages In U.S.
Nursing
Homes
Fig. 4.5
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Slide 15
Health, Illness, and Disease
• Health treatment for older adults
– Rodin and Langer study:
• Self-control in care linked to longevity, activity level,
alertness, happiness, needs satisfaction
– Choices: food eaten, movies seen, who enters their
rooms, when to see visitors
• Caring, kind, helpful staff necessary
• 18-month increase in life span
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Slide 16
Perceived Control and Mortality
Fig. 4.7
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Slide 17
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Infancy
– Nutrition important for development and growth
– Breastfeeding versus bottle feeding:
• Controversial; breast feeding appears better
– Rate has increased in US since 1970
– Benefits: fewer gastro/respiratory infections; reduces
risks of asthma, diabetes, SIDS
– Lowers risk of ear/skin infections
– Benefits mother: lowers risk of diseases
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Slide 18
U.S.
Breastfeeding
Trends
Fig. 4.8
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Slide 19
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Infancy
– When breastfeeding is avoided
• Physical difficulties
• Lifestyle conditions
• HIV virus, taking unsafe drugs
– Poor, developing countries
• Few/no alternatives, unsanitary health risks
• Death rates linked to bottle-feeding
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Slide 20
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Malnutrition in infancy
– Marasmus — wasting away of body tissues in first
year; severe protein-calorie deficiency
– Kwashiorkor — deficiency in protein; child’s
abdomen and feet swollen with water
– Nutritional supplements linked to long-term effects
on cognitive development
• Lowest SES groups benefited most
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Slide 21
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Childhood nutrition
– Poor nutrition is special concern for children of
many low-income, less educated families in United
States
• Lower intake of fresh foods, olive oil cooking
• Higher intake of processed, canned foods
– WIC program serves 7.5 million in United States
• Positive influences on participants
• Linked to lower risk of being overweight
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Slide 22
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Eating behavior and parental feeding styles
– Diets worsen as children age
– Eating behavior strongly affected by caregivers’
behaviors (scheduling, presence of distractions
during meal times, restrictive feeding styles)
– Good diet can have long-term effects
• Overweight children
– Obesity is a serious problem – measured by BMI
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Slide 23
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Overweight children
– At-risk children dramatically increasing worldwide
• Childhood obesity linked to adult obesity (girls more at
risk)
• Child obesity unrecognized by most parents
– Factors affecting weight:
• Heredity/genetics
• Environment: availability of food, exercise, ‘electronic’
entertainment, leisure time
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Slide 24
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Consequences of obesity
– Medical and psychological problems
– Lower SES at more risk
– Low self-esteem, depression, exclusion by peers
• Treatment of obesity
– Diet, exercise, behavior modification programs
– Intervention at home, school: educate about
healthy and active lifestyle
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Slide 25
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Adolescence
– Nutrition and being overweight are key problems
• Eat more junk food; parents affect food choices
– Overweight adolescents increasing: 11% to 17%
• Higher percentage for females
• Ethnic variations exist: African American girls, Latino
boys at highest risk
• Interventions: clinical approaches, exercise, behavior
therapy, calorie restriction
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Slide 26
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Eating disorders
– Anorexia nervosa
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•
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Relentless to be thin by starvation
Serious disorder; can lead to death
Affects females 10x more; 1% of those dieting
Most are white females from well-educated,
middle- and upper-income families
– Family values: high standards, competitive
• Media and American culture fashion image
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Slide 27
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Eating disorders
– Bulimia nervosa
• Binge-and-purge eating pattern; use of laxatives or selfinduced vomiting
• Preoccupied with food; depressed/anxious, fear of being
overweight, low self-esteem
• Overvalue their body weight and shape
• 90% are women, onset in late adolescence
• Binge eating often begins in dieting episode
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Slide 28
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Adult development and aging
– Nutrition and eating behavior are important
– Obesity is a problem; 32% of U.S. adults in 2004
• Being overweight increases risk of middle age death —
40% higher
• Worldwide: rates for women increasing faster
• Environment has dramatic effect — greater access to
food/higher fat content
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Slide 29
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Adult development
– Exercising and diet
• Most effective weight loss/control is exercise
– 30 minutes a day, healthy meal planning
– Daily weighing; keep a food diary
• Weight loss from diets may pose health risks
– Liquid/very low cal diets affect gallbladder
– Successful weight loss; less depressed
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Slide 30
Nutrition and Eating Habits
• Adult development
– Controversy over vitamins and aging
• Recent research:
– Antioxidants may slow aging
– No evidence of extending the life span
– Others: vitamins reduce risk of frail/ill life
• Possible link: vitamins to cognitive performance
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Slide 31
Exercise
• Childhood and adolescence
– Childhood
• All children need daily exercise
• Electronics, computers, TV deter activity
• Recent study: preschools vary in physical activity,
methods of teaching influence activities
• Aerobic exercise linked to increased cognitive activity
(planning)
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Slide 32
Exercise
• Childhood and adolescence
– Adolescence
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•
•
•
•
Activity usually decreases in adolescence
Recommended: exercise 1 hour per day
Boys more active than girls; body image issues
Childhood habits continue in adolescence
Rates vary by gender: white boys exercise most, African
American girls exercise least
• Develop ways to encourage exercise
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Slide 33
Exercise
• Adulthood
– Moderate/intense exercise may have physical and
psychological gains
• Prevention of heart disease, live longer
• Aerobic exercise: sustained activity that stimulates
heart/lung functioning
• Burn 2,000 calories a week to cut heart attack risk by
two-thirds
• Exercise aids mental and physical health
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Slide 34
Exercise
• Ways to exercise more
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–
–
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Reduce TV time
Chart your progress
Get rid of excuses
Eliminate “I don’t have time” by making exercise a
priority
– Imagine the alternative
– Learn more about exercise
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Slide 35
Exercise
• Aging and exercise
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–
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Linked to increased longevity
Related to prevention of common chronic diseases
Improves older adults’ cellular functioning
Associated with improvement in disease treatments
Reduce decline of motor skills during aging
Effective in treatment/reduce risk of mental health
problems
– Linked to improved cognitive/brain functioning
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Slide 36
Physical
Fitness
and
Mortality
Fig. 4.17
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Slide 37
Substance Use
• Adolescence and emerging adulthood
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–
–
–
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Healthy lifestyle: exercise, avoid substance use
Cigarette use — onset in childhood/adolescence
Many alcoholics — onset in high school/college
The earlier the use; the more long-term harm
Trend studies: University of Michigan research
• Annually: 50,000 students, 400 schools
• Eighth, tenth, and twelfth graders surveyed
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Slide 38
Substance Use
• Adolescence and emerging adulthood
– Trend studies: University of Michigan research
• United States — still one of highest use rates worldwide
• Declines in alcohol use
– 8th graders: 26% (1996) to 16% (2007)
– 10th graders: 39% (2001) to 33% (2007)
– 12th graders: 72% (1980) to 44% (2007)
• Binge drinking: 5 or more drinks in 2 weeks
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Slide 39
Binge Drinking in the Adolescence —
Early Adulthood Transition
Fig. 4.20
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Slide 40
Age and Binge Drinking
Fig. 4.21
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Slide 41
Substance Use
• Adolescence
– Cigarette smoking – decline since 1996/1997
• 2007 percentage of surveyed still smoking
– 8th graders: 7%, 10th graders: 14%,12th graders: 22%
• Risk factors:
– Having friends who smokes
– Weak academic orientation
– Low parental support
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Slide 42
Substance Use
• Adolescence
– Alarming recent trend: prescription painkiller use
• Vicodin, Oxycontin – narcotics, highly addictive
• Adolescents access home medicine cabinet
– Parents, peers, social support have role in
preventing substance use
• Family mealtimes together
• Nonuse by friends in school social network
• Educational success is good buffer
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Slide 43
Substance Use
• Emerging adulthood
– Critical transition from adolescence to college
• Alcohol use is common among many
• Binge drinking problems at colleges
– Dramatic increase among females
– Linked to unprotected sex practices
– Alcohol/drug use declines in mid-20s
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 43
Slide 44
Substance Use
• Older adults
– Majority over 65 abstain from alcohol use
– Substance use — “invisible epidemic” among
elderly
• Undetected: illicit and prescription drugs
• Consequences of abuse:
– Depression, psychological conditions
– Inadequate nutrition, frequent falls
– Congestive heart failure
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 44
Slide 45
Substance Use
• Older adults
– Moderate use of red wine linked to longevity,
better physical and mental health
• More open socially, self-mastery
• Lowers stress, lower heart disease risk
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Slide 46
The End
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