Processors
Hardware for Power & Portability
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Processors
Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips
Vacuum tube
Transistor
Transistor
Transistor
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Technology Development
• Vacuum tubes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
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Miniaturization Miracle & Mobility
• A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece
of silicon that contains millions of
microminiature electronic circuit
components, mainly transistors.
• A microprocessor is the
miniaturized circuitry of a computer
processor---the part that processes,
or manipulates, data into
information.
• Experts predict that small, powerful,
wireless electronic devices will
transform our lives more than the
personal computer has done so far.
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Processors
Wafer imprinted with many
microprocessors.
Five Types of Computer System
• Microcontrollers: tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in
“smart” appliances and automobiles.
•
•
•
•
Microcomputers:
Minicomputers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
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Microcomputers: personal computers and
workstations
• Microcomputers are small computers that can fit on or beside a
desk or or portable.
• Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or portable
computers such as pocket PCs, sub-notebook, notebook,
laptops, desktop, tower units and workstations.
• Workstations are usually more sophisticated than PCs. But the
decline in workstation prices and the increase in PC power have
blurred the difference.
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Minicomputers
Minicomputers are
machines midway in cost
and capability between
microcomputer and
mainframes.
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Mainframes
Mainframes are the oldest category of
computer system, which usually occupy
specially wired, air-conditioned rooms
and capable of great processing speeds
and data storage.
Three trends:
• Old mainframes will be kept for some
purposes.
• Networks of smaller computers will grow.
• Mainframes will be reinvented.
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IBM ES/9000
Supercomputers
Supercomputers are
designed in two ways:
• Vector processors
• Massively parallel processors
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Powerful supercomputer network
A server, or network server, is a central computer that holds databases and programs for
many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are called clients.These clients are linked by
a wired or wireless network.The entire network is called a client/server network
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Processors
The CPU (central processing unit)
• The control unit: The control unit tells
the rest of the computer system how
to carry out a program’s instructions.
• The arithmetic/logic unit: The
arithmetic/logic unit, or ALU, performs
arithmetic operations and logical
operations and controls the speed of
those operations.
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Processors
CPU
Control
unit
ALU
Bus
Registers
Bus
Expansion bus
Local bus
Main memory (RAM)
Expansion
slots
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Expansion
slots
Processors
Main Memory & Registers
• Main memory, also known as primary storage, internal memory, or
RAM (random access memory), is a working storage to (1) hold data
for processing, (2) hold instructions to process the data, and/or (3) to
hold processed data waiting to be sent to an output or secondarystorage device.
• Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily data during
processing.
• Main memory and registers are examples of volatile storage --whose contents are lost during the power is turned-off.
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Machine Cycle
The machine cycle is a series of operations performed to execute a
single program instruction.The machine cycle consists of two parts:
• The instruction cycle: in the instruction cycle, or I-cycle, the
control unit (1) fetches (gets) an instruction from main memory and
(2) decodes that instruction (determines what it means).
• The execution cycle: During the execution cycle, or E-cycle, the
arithmetic/logic unit (3) executes the instruction and (4) stores the
processed results in main memory or a register.
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The machine cycle
Instruction cycle
Fetch
Decode
Store
Execute
Execution cycle
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Processing Speeds
• Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions of a second
• Time in millions of machine cycles per second (MHz)
• Time to complete instructions, in millions of instructions per
second (MIPS)
• Time in floating-point operations per second (flops)：
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Processors
The Microcomputer System Unit
Power supply
 Motherboard
 CPU
 Specialized processor chips
 System clock
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
 Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash
 Expansion slots and boards
 Bus lines
 Ports
 PC slots and card

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Power Supply
• The power supply is a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer.
• A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a device that protects a computer
from being damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage .
• A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a battery-operated device that
provides a computer with electricity if there is a power failure.
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CPU chips
• Intel 86 series (and their variations made by AMD, Cyrix).
• Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple Macintosh computers.
• In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and Apple to produce the
PowerPC chip.
• RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) developed by
Sun Microsystems, HP, and Digital.
• Specialized Processor Chips: A motherboard usually has slots for
plugging in specialized processor chips. Specialized chips significantly
increase the speed of a computer system
• A word is the number of bits manipulated at one time by the CPU.
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Processors
Manufacturer and Chip Date
Systems Chip
Introduced
Intel 8088
1979
IBM PC, XT
Motorola 68000
1979
Macintosh Plus, SE;
Commodore Amiga
Intel 80286
1981
IBM PC/AT, PS/2 Model
50/60; Compaq Deskpro 286
Motorola 68020
1984
Macintosh II
Sun Microsystems
1985
Sun Sparcstation I, 300
RISC
Intel 80386DX
1985
IBM PS/2; IBM-compatibles
Motorola 68030
1987
Macintosh IIx series, SE/30
Intel 80486DX
1989
IBM PS/2; IBM-compatibles
Motorola 68040
1989
Macintosh Quadras
IBM RISC 6000
1990
IBM RISC/6000 workstation
Sun Microsystems
1992
Sun Sparcstation LX
MicroSpot
Intel Pentium
1993
Compaq Deskpro;IBMCompatibles
IBM/Motorola/Apple 1994
Power Macintoshes; Power
PowerPC RISC
Computing PowerWave
Intel Pentium Pro
1995
Compaq Proliant;
Data General server
Intel
Pentium
1997
Desktops;
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Processors server
System
Clock
4-8
8-16
Bus
Width
8
16
8-28
16
16-33
20-25
32
32
16-33
16-50
25-66
25-40
20-50
50
32
32
32
32
32
32
60-166
64
60-150
64
150-200 64
233-450 64
Machine Language
 Machine language is a binary-type programming language that
the computer can run directly.
 A language compiler translates high-level human-readable
programming languages into machine languages.
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Memory chips
• RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that
will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM
chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single
inline memory module).
• ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is
also known as firmware, cannot be written on or
erased by the computer user.
Other Form of Memory
• Cache memory is a special high-speed memory
area that the CPU can access quickly.
• Video memory is used to store display images for
the monitor.
• Flash memory is used primarily in notebook
computers.
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Types of Memory
• DRAM: Dynamic Random Access memory.
• SRAM: Static Random Access memory.
•
•
•
•
ROM: Read-Only Memory.
PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory.
EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
EEPROM: Electronically erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
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Processors
Expansion Slots & Boards
Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which you can
plug expansion cards. Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit
boards that provide more memory or control peripheral devices.
Among the types of expansion cards are:
• Expanded memory
• Display adapter or graphics adapter cards
• Network interface card
• Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card)
• Other add-ons
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Bus Lines
• A bus line, or simply bus, is an
electrical pathway through
which bits are transmitted
within the CPU and between
the CPU and other devices in
the system unit.
• A bus carries data between
RAM and the expansion slots .
A bus that connects expansion
slots directly to the CPU is
called a local bus.
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Ports
A port is a socket on the outside of the system unit that is connected to
an expansion board on the inside of the system unit.
• Parallel ports: allow lines to be transmitted simultaneously.
• Serial ports: enables a line to be connected that will send bits one
after the other on a single line.
• Video adapter ports: connect the video display monitor.
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports: provides an interface
for transferring data at high speeds
• Game ports: allow you to attach a joystick or similar game-playing
device to the system unit.
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PC(PCMCIA) Slot & Cards
• Short for Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association, PCMCIA is a completely open, relatively new bus
standard for portable computers.
• Joke: People Can’t Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms
• Now usually called PC cards.
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Processors
Computers & Environmental Questions
• Energy Consumption & “Green PCs”
• Environmental Pollution
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Future Developments:Near Horizons
 Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips
 Billion-bit memory chips
 Teraflop supercomputers
 Stripped-down Internet PCs
 Intercast TV/Internet PC
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Future Developments:Far horizons
 Gallium arsenide
 Superconductors
 Opto-electronic processing
 Nanotechnology
 Biotechnology-using DNA molecules
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Processors