Renaissance
1300 - 1600
Renaissance
Those who survived the Middle Ages
wanted to enjoy life.
Educated people began to reject
Medieval values and look to the
classical past.
The Renaissance was the REBIRTH
of the classical civilizations.
Renaissance
Renaissance Begins in Italy
Advantages of Italy
1.Thriving Cities
*Crusades strengthened northern cities
*Exchange of ideas in the cities
2. Merchant Class
*City-states were small with large
percentage of participation by citizens
*Wealthiest
*Social status – individual merit
** Medici Family – political control & patrons
of the arts
Renaissance
3. Classical Heritage of Greece & Rome
* Artists and philosophers drew inspiration
from the Roman ruins.
* Byzantine scholars fled (with prized Latin
with prized Latin manuscripts) to Italy
when Constantinople fell to the Turks.
Renaissance
Medici Family in Florence
* Lorenzo the Magnificent
*ruled as a dictator
*appeared to be an elected leader
*great supporter of the arts
*controlled
city-state
politics
Renaissance
Classical & Worldly Values
Humanism –focus on human value &
potential (Greeks & Romans)
Secular – worldly, concerned with the here
and now. Although most people remained
devout Catholics, it was a secular age.
Patrons – wealthy churchmen/merchants
who supported the arts by financially
supporting the artists.
Renaissance
Renaissance Man
*All educated people expected to create art.
*Strove to master ever area of study.
*Courtier by Castiglione
taught readers how to be Renaissance
men.
Renaissance Women
*Upper Class – well educated and expected
to inspire rather than create
well educated
Renaissance
Renaissance Art
*used to religion to convey spiritual ideals
*religious subjects copied from Greeks
and Romans
*realistic and glorifying the human body
*used perspective (3-D)to bring realism
to art
Renaissance
ART
Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci – the Renaissance Man
*Painter, sculptor, inventor, & scientist
*Known for Mona Lisa & The Last Supper
Raphael – Advances Realism
*Studied under Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
*Used Madonna and Child as his main subject
*Known for the School of Athens which shows the influence of
the Greeks on the Renaissance
Renaissance
Renaissance Sculpture
DAVID by Donatello –
First free standing nude
bronze.
DAVID by
Michelangelo - Marble
sculpture.
Renaissance
Michelangelo
*Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet
*Most famous for his portrayal of the human
body in painting and sculpture.
*Influenced by classical art and showed the
power and grandeur supporting the idea of
human potential.
Renaissance
Women Artists
Sofanisba Anguissola
- the first woman artist who gained
international attention
- known for portraits of royalty
Renaissance Writers
- Petrarch – humanist who wrote
sonnets
- Boccaccio – Decameron
Machiavelli
- The Prince
- Advice to young princes, do what you
have to do to get what you want
Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
* Countries of strong monarchs
* Many monarchs became patrons of the arts
* Renaissance ideas from Italy mixed with
northern traditions
* Northern Renaissance more religious than the
Italian Renaissance
Renaissance
German Painters
*Durer – known for woodcuts & engravings
- helped spread Renaissance ideas
Hans Holbein the Younger – portraits that
looked like photography
Flemish Painters
Jan van Eyck – famous for work in oil and the
blending of colors
Peter Bruegel the Elder – known for realistic
details and protesting harsh Spanish rule
through his paintings
Renaissance
Northern Writers
Christian Writers – Humanists
Desiderius Erasmus – Praise of Folly –
made fun of greedy merchants, lovers, and
priests
Thomas More – Utopia ( means no place)
In More’s book Utopia came to mean the
ideal place, where greed, corruption, war,
and crime did not exist.
Renaissance
Francis Rabelais – contrast to Erasmus
and Thomas More
- wrote in the vernacular
- believed people should live by their
instincts
William Shakespeare - greatest
playwright of all time
- most famous works include Macbeth,
Hamlet, and Romeo and Juliet
- wrote both comedy and tragedy
- influenced by classical works as seen
in Julius Caesar
Renaissance
The Elizabethan Age
Renaissance England was also called
the Elizabethan Age.
- ruled by Queen Elizabeth
- highly educated monarch who
was a poet and patron of the arts
Renaissance
Printing Press
Renaissance ideas were spread
through the invention of the printing press.
- “invented by Johann Gutenberg
- against the advice of others, printed
the Gutenberg Bible first
- made books cheaper
- produced many religious works
- people began to read & interpret the
Bible for themselves
- promoted literacy
Reformation
Because of conflict within the church a
movement arose to question the
authority, tradition, and structure of
the church. From the protest and
conflict came a division of the
Christian church in Europe.
Reformation
Setting The Stage For Reformation
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The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and
the individual challenged Church authority.
Attempt to reform the church in the Middle Ages
Many unresolved issues remained
Guttenberg’s printing press spread secular ideas
Rulers resented pope’s authority over them
Merchants resented paying taxes to the church
Reformation
Problems in the Church
Corruption
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Personal indulgences: popes patronized the arts, spent
lavishly on personal pleasure
Popes fought wars
Immorality – Pope Alexander VI, publicly admitted he
had several children. Others broke their priestly vows
by marrying, or by gambling or drinking to excess.
Poorly educated priests/monks
Reformation
Early Reformers
Advocates of Church Reform
John Wycliff (England) & Jan Hus (Bohemia)
 Both advocated church reforms and denied the
pope’s worldly power
 Bible has more authority than clergy leaders
Christian Humanists Add to the fray
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Humanists like Desiderius Erasmus, Thomas
More, and Ulrich Zwingli add their voices to the
chorus of criticism.
Girolamo Savonrola came to Florence and
preached fiery sermons calling for reforms or
changes.
Some reformers died for their beliefs, but their
calls for change lived on…
Reformation
Martin Luther
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Monk
Professor of Bible at Wittenberg
University in the German state of
Saxony
Sought righteousness in the church
Took a stand against John Tetzel
• Selling of indulgences
(forgiveness)
• Posted 95 Thesis (statements) for
debate at Wittenberg University
False Teachings in the church
Reformation
Martin Luther Believed – monk in 1505
He wrote the 95 Theses – He went beyond the corruptness of
the Church. He wanted full reforms!
Salvation comes through faith.
Pope and church traditions are false authorities.
People of faith are equal and do not need priests.
Many people supported his teachings.
Martin Luther’s actions begin the Reformation, a
movement for religious reforms.
Reformation
Response to Martin Luther: His
Ideas become increasingly more radical!
Pope Leo X - at first, need correction from superior
later the threat of excommunication. Later, he does
excommunicates Martin Luther.
Emperor – Charles V - opposed Luther’s teachings
Brought Luther to Worms for a trial
Edict 0f Worms – Luther is an outlaw and
heretic, no person could give him shelter or
aid.
Reformation
Peasant Revolts
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German peasants followed Luther’s teachings
and apply Luther’s ideas to revolutionary society.
Demanded and end to serfdom
Raided the villages, monasteries, etc.
Luther was angry, he urged the German princes
to show the peasants no mercy in a written
pamphlet.
German princes crush the revolt killing 10,000.
Many peasants rejected Luther for his failure to
support them in the riots
Reformation
German Religious Wars
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Many German princes supported Lutheranism
Some followed Luther to break away from the
Catholic Church and the pope’s authority
Those following Luther signed a protest
statement, thus becoming PROTESTANTS
Catholic forces went to war against Protestants
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PEACE OF AUGSBURG – the religion of each German
state would be decided by the ruler
Reformation
England Becomes
Protestant
Henry VIII
• Devout Catholic
• Wanted a male heir
• 30 year marriage to Catherine
of Aragon failed to produce a
son
• Their only living child is MARY
• Wanted a divorce from
Catherine
Reformation
England Becomes Protestant
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Church did not allow divorce
Sought an annulment (set aside the marriage)
Pope refused (he did not want to offend Emperor Charles V, the
nephew of Catherine of Aragon)
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Henry asked Parliament to end the pope’s authority
in England, making Henry the head of the church
Henry seized church land and property, increasing
his royal power
Reformation
Henry’s Lineage
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Catherine of Aragon (Mary)
Anne Boelyn (Elizabeth)
Jane Seymour (Edward VI)
Anne of Cleves – not so pretty
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Divorced
Beheaded
Died
Divorced
Beheaded
Survived
Following Henry’s death
1. Edward ruled - Protestant
2. Mary (Bloody Mary) – Catholic
3. Elizabeth (Virgin Queen) Protestant ( head of the Anglican Church) but
made many concessions to please the Catholics
Reformation
Spanish Armada
King Philip II of Spain
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Catholic king angry at Elizabeth for supporting
Protestant Spanish subjects who rebelled against him
sailed the Spanish Armada into the English Channel with
130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers
Spanish ships too large, did not work well in the channel
Smaller faster British ships defeated them
Spanish escaped by way of the North Sea only to be
destroyed by a terrible storm. (The Protestant Winds!)
Reformation
Other Reformers
John Calvin – Protestant theology based on predestination.
(God knows who will be saved)
- led followers to Geneva, Switzerland
- established a theocracy
- Calvinism spread
John Knox – Scottish minister studied Calvinism
- took Calvinism to Scotland
- each church governed by presbyters
- known as Presbyterians
- in France, known as Huguenots
Reformation
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More Reforms
Anabaptist – baptize only those old enough to decide
for themselves to accept Christ
– Church and state should be separate
– Refused to fight in wars
– Forerunners of Mennonites and Amish
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Women Reformers
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Katherina Von Bora (M. Luther’s wife): sent to a
convent at the age of 10. Took her nun vows by 16.
She was inspired by Luther’s teachings and she
escaped from the convent. Married Luther and had six
children. Argued that women should have an equal
role in marriage.
Reformation
Catholic Reformation
The events of the Protestant Reformation led the Catholic
Church to investigate its own practices.
Ignatius of Loyola Spain: The great turning point in
his life came when he was injured, bed-ridden,
and thought about his past sins.
He wrote Spiritual Exercises in 1522
In 1540, the pope made Ignatius’s followers a religious order
called the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits.
The Jesuits founded academic and trained in theological
schools. Their mission: worked as a Catholic missionary
tried to stop the spread of Protestantism
Reformation
Catholic Reformation
Two popes, Popes Paul III and Paul IV, supported the Catholic
Reformation. Paul III took four steps toward reform.
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Called for a council to investigate Catholic practices, like
selling indulgences. He approved the Jesuit order. He used
the Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in papal
territory, he called the council of leaders to meet in Trent, in
northern Italy.
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Council of Trent’s Decision
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Church’s interpretation of the Bible IS FINAL
FAITH & WORKS are needed for salvation
BIBLE & CHURCH are equal authorities for Christians
INDULGENCES are valid expressions of faith, but not false indulgences
Reformation
Reformation Legacy
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Protestant Churches multiplied despite
opposition
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Religion no longer united Europe
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As church power declined, power of the
monarchs increased, supporting nation
states.