Aquila chrysaetos – “Golden Eagle”
• Golden eagles mate for
life
• Courtship display
involving undulating
motions, rock diving
(males), earth clods
(female), etc.
• Sexual reproduction
– 40 to 46 days before egg is
laid
Aquila chrysaetos – “Golden Eagle”
• Clutch size = 1 to 4 eggs
• Incubation = 41-45 days
– 90% of the time, female is responsible; only leaves to collect
her own food source
• Hatching can take up to 37 hours
• “Cainism” – the oldest hatchling will kill younger siblings
– Increases individual fitness, aids in the parental workload
during a time of food shortage
BIG BLUESTEM (ANDROPOGON GERARDI)
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Species of native Minnesota prairie
grass, typical of tallgrass prairie
Known for their massive root systems,
they grow into a 3-9 ft. tall plant
Reproduces asexually by rhizomes
Underground rhizomes send up stems
that eventually develop into new plants
Roots serve three purposes: stability,
food storage, and reproduction
http://www.laynekennedy.com/data/photos/68_1Prairie_Big_Blue_Stem_Grasses.jpg
http://ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/albums/userpics/12789/normal_ian-symbol-andropogon-gerardii
“ICE CREAM GRASS”
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Starts leaf growth in the spring and develops
and matures in late summer to fall
Also reproduces sexually by seeds in the fall
Andromonoecy (bisexual and male flowers
occur on the same plant) is the most common
form of sex expression in big bluestem,
although some true hermaphrodites occur
Haploid gametophyte
Diploid pairing occurs during pollination
Common big bluestem cultivation is at 2n=60
Seeds lie dormant over fall and winter, and
germinate in the spring
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/gapmcarbigblue.pdf
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=napcproceedings
Zinnia
• Dicot, flowering plants
• Annuals and perennials
• Undergo an alternating
sporophyte/gametophyte cycle
http://calphotos.berkeley.edu
http://arthropodsbio11cabe.wikispaces.com
Zinnia
• Polyploidy
– Studies of induced
polyploidy
– Lower chance of survival
and shorter in height
– White variety produced
viable pollen
– Orange variety produced
no pollen
S. Bose and U. C. Panigrahi, 1969
• Self incompatibility
– Cannot fertilize self
• Cross species mating
comparable to
intraspecies mating
– Although some
prezygotic barriers to
fertilization (pollen tube)
T. H. Boyle and D. P. Stimart, 1986
Nora Serres
Cabbage White Butterfly
Pieris rapae
• Single-sex organism
• Sexually reproduce
• Egg (2-3 days), Larva (2-4 weeks),
Pupa (12-14 days), Adult (several
days) stages.
• Females & Males have different wing spotting
http://www.downgardenservices.org.uk/ca
bbagewhite_sml3.jpg
Males: 1 submarginal black spot; Females: 2 spots
http://www.soilcropandmore.info/crops/Cot
http://www.saburchill.com/images03/040107027.jpg
tonInformation/insect/B-933/b-933.htm
• Female lays a single egg on the underside of a
leaf
• Laying eggs singly prevents larvae from possible starvation
• Males seek out females, mate
• Male will fly in zigzag pattern until
female lands, then grasp her
forewings with his legs
Fun Research:
• Serotonin may have something to do with
mating behaviors – virgin females will accept
males, but when injected with serotonin will
reject (like mated females)!
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NW.....98..989O
Reproductive Cycle of Basidiomycetes
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http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2012/rudolph_paig/reproduction.htm
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Basidiomycota/Mushroom_Lifecycle.htm
Plasmogamy- Fusion of two haploid
mycelia (monokaryons) to begin
dikaryotic phase (two nuclei of two
cells cohabit without fusing)
Growth of the dikaryotic mycelium,
crowding out the parent mycelia
Mycelium form compact masses that
develop into basidiocarps
(mushroom); Basidia (mushroom
gills) provide more surface area for
the cell and are the site of
karyogamy
Karyogamy- Fusion of two haploid
nuclei to produce a diploid nucleus.
Each diploid nucleus undergoes
meiosis to produce four haploid
nuclei- growing four appendages.
Each haploid nuclei produces a
bradiospore that are then released in
the billions.
Mature bradiospore will find a
suitable environment to germinate
and grow into haploid mycelium.
Polyporous
squasmosus
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Polyporous squasmosus is a fungi that belongs to the Basidiomycota family.
Most reproduction is sexual through the formation of basidia that produce basidiospores
(asexual reproduction is more common in the yeast basidiomycetes)
Basidiomycetes have undistinguishable (not readily recognized male or female
counterparts) and compatible haploids- mycelia that are composed of filamentous hyphae.
The dikaryotic phase of their life cycle can last for years, decades, or centuries.
Mating system: Following meiosis, the haploid bradiospores have nuclei that are
compatible with 50% (if bipolar) or 25% (if tetrapolar) of their sister bradiospores.
However, various genes in the population make compatibility possible between 90% of the
monokaryons produced.
Clamp connections are structures formed by the growing hyphal cells so that each cell
receives differing nuclei, ensuring genetic variation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota
Cope’s Gray Treefrog
Hyla chrysoscelis
Lifecycle: diploid, other species of tree frogs that are physically indistinguishable are tetraploid- keeps from
interbreeding.
eggs— 4-5 days —> tadpoles— 2 months—> froglets
Reproduction: reproduces sexually.
Mating System: polygynous- males mate with more than one female
– Males have a mating call specific to the Cope’s Gray Treefrog
– Females are attracted to mating call that is prolonged and occurs most frequently
– Females lay eggs once a year in shallow water
– Eggs are externally fertilized by males
Sexes: there are both males and females. The sex of the frog is determined genetically, however can be
determined when environmentally exposed to estrogen.
• Males and females are identical in appearance except for that males have a darker chin due to
the sacs used for calling during mating season
Unique Aspects of Reproduction:
• Breeding in the species is temperature dependent, having the mating season ranges from AprilMay.
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Differences in calls between the two tree frog species keeps them from interbreeding
• Large geographical range: Southern Canada- Northern Florida
Sources: http://eol.org/pages/331209/details, http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hyla_chrysoscelis/, http://herpnet.net/MinnesotaHerpetology/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60:copes-gray-treefrog-hyla-chrysoscelis&catid=41:minnesota-frogs-toads-and-treefrogs&Itemid=63,
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/amphibians/frog4.htm