Alternative feed ingredients for
animals
Outcomes:
Describe world food situation – competition between
humans and animals, consequences
Identify alternative feed ingredients and limitations
Examine role of communication
World Food Situation
 Crisis level (UN, 2010)
 Food prices to rise by 40% over coming decade
 Wheat and coarse grains to increase by between
15% - 40%
 Vegetable oils to increase more than 40%
 Food prices at highest level on record February 2011
 About 1b people estimated to be undernourished
Why is there crisis?
 Extreme weather (too much rain, heat & cold)
 Heat wave, drought & wildfires in Russia, Worst




drought in China, Drought in US etc
1/3 of grain supplies in the U.S. used for fuel ethanol
production
Shrinking grain harvests due to aquifer depletion and
severe erosion
Running out of technology to raise land productivity
Rising world population
Competition between humans and animals for
vital feed ingredients (energy, protein)
ENERGY – Wheat, Maize (Corn), Barley, Oats,
Rice, Sorghum, Rye, Triticale, Vegetable oil,
Cassava
PROTEIN – Soybeans, Fishmeal, Peanut meal,
Competition
 Increasing feed cost ( normally constitute
50-75 of the total cost)
 About 2.4 million dogs being fed scraps as
main food (PDSA)
 About 11,586 animals abandoned last year
– more than 30 daily (RSPCA)
 Received 2112 calls about animal
abandonment in 2010
Abandoned animals
Animal welfare
Alternative feed ingredients
o Non conventional ingredients – legumes
o Industrial bye products – biscuit waste, brewers
grains, brewers yeast, molasses
o Agro processing bye products – cocoa husk, palm-oil
sludge, cassava peals, rice bran / husk, rice
polishing, corn / maize bran
o Recycling waste – activated sludge, dried poultry
waste (15% fiber, 25% protein), rendered products
(meat scraps from animal flesh & tissues) poultry
Alternative feed ingredients
(continuation)
 Poultry by-product meal( heads, feet, intestines, but
excluding feathers 55-60% protein)
 Poultry feather meal(Hydrolysed 70% protein)
 Poultry hatchery by-product meal (egg shells, unhatched and infertile eggs, and culled chicks 22-32%
protein)
Agro-processing
Maize de-husking
Maize
Harvested maize
Trial 1
 West African dwarf and Saanen goats
 Indian bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris ) and Indian
almond (Terminalia catapa) suplemented with
cassava peels and cassava peels mixed with maize
 Both plants contain acceptable levels of minerals
 Indian almond more acceptable than Indian bamboo
and both better when supplemented with cassava
peels and maize than cassava peels alone.
Trial 1- continuation
Indian almond
Indian bamboo
Trial 2
Golden Hubbard Layers
 Palm-oil supplementation (1-
3%) on ground dehydrated sweet
potato(5%) as replacement for
Maize in conventional layers diet
 All levels resulted in increased
availability of nutrients,
improved feed conversion
efficiency and increased weight
gain
 Palm oil also reduces dustiness
and laxative effect of sweet
potato
Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas
Trial 2
Cassava plant
Cassava tuber and peals
Cassava chips
Trial 3: Detoxification & utilisation
of Full Fat Soybeans
 Many plants contain anti-nutritional factors for





protection
Cotton seed – Gossypol
Cassava – Hydrocyanic acid- Cyanide
Cocoa – Theobromine, Caffeine
Groundnuts – Prone to Aflatoxin infestation
Soybeans – Trypsin inhibitors, Hemagglutinins,
Sapponins, Phytic acid etc
Trial 3
Full-fat soybeans for
Soybeans (Glycine maxima
broiler (160 Hubbard DOC)
 3 processing methods
compared.
 Cooking in water for 20
minutes better in economic
terms over soaking for 6
hours before cooking for 20
minutes and soaking in water
for 6 hours before roasting for
20 minutes ( wet roasting)
although wet roasting gave
higher terminal weights,
better feed conversion etc
Chickens
Broiler Chicks
Broiler Parent Chicks
Chickens
 Broiler Parents
Trial 4 (Bloodmeal and fishmeal as
supplements to fullfat soybeans for
laying hens
Bloodmeal
 Comparing egg-
production, egg-weight
and haught’s unit,
fishmeal is superior to
bloodmeal
 Both of them gave better
results at 5% level than
7.5%
Fishmeal
Trial 5 (Raw and cooked fullfat
soybeans in laying diets
 Growth retardation and pancreatic enlargement
reported for chicks were absent from hens fed raw
soybeans.
 Satisfactory results were obtained in both cases at
a level as high as 35% contrary to earlier reports.
Field observations
 Catfish Production
 Hatchery waste
 Processing waste
 Feed-mill waste
pellets
 Poultry manure
 Poultry meal
Aquaculture
Aquaculture
Fish fingerling hatchery
Fish feed pelletizer
Snail Feed
 Feed mill waste
 Waste vegetables and




fruits
Kitchen waste (without
salt)
Pawpaw fruits and
leaves
Banana fruits and
leaves
Sweet potato leaves
Feeding ruminants
Cattle
Sheep
Cattle – 100% Grazing
Cows , Heifers and Bulls
Calf
Feeding Ruminants (continuation)
 Beef cattle on 100% nomadic grazing
 At best grazing + concentrates (least cost / palm kernel
cake or meal, brewers waste + vitamin / mineral licks
 Adequate veterinary care for worms, parasites
including blood parasites, vaccinations
Limitations of alternative feed
ingredients
 Not available in economic quantities perhaps due
to higher demand than supply
 Dependent on industries running at full capacity
 New products require toxicological tests,
proximate composition and microbiology
 Cost driven more efficient industrial plants
leaving little or no wastes
Improvements
 Genetically modified organisms (plants and animals)
 Pelletising of feed over mash or crumbles
 Improved processing techniques (micronising,
extrusion technology)
 Use of feed enzymes to liberate more nutrients
especially from feed ingredients with high non-starch
polysaccharides (NSPs) – wheat, barley, sorghum
(phytase, amylase)
 Use of Nutricines (Anti-oxidants, emulsifiers,
enzymes, flavours, organic acids (subject to
legislation)
The Way Forward
 Agricultural production and productivity needs to be
stepped up Brazil is the fastest growing (40% growth in
the next decade) and 20% growth expected in China,
India, Russia and Ukraine
 Communication needs to be stepped up between
Universities / Research institutions and the feed industry
and other stake holders on possible alternative feeds
 Improved communication to the public on feeding and
welfare requirements of animals, for instance few people
know that it takes about £3000 to rear a rabbit through its
life span
 Improved agricultural extension to farmers especially in
emerging economies.
References
 http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DoqZTLnXmPk/R8NSGPF
pmI/AAAAAAAAADY/XOPIaSwLEhc/s400/sweetpotato.g
if accessed on 13/03/11 1330hrs
 http://www.infiniteunknown.net/wpcontent/uploads/2010/06/soybeans.jpg accessed on
13/03/11 1354hrs
 http://www.rspca.org.uk/inaction/whatwedo/decisions/overpopulation//article/EM_Overpopulation accessed 17/03/11 1626hrs
References (continuation)
 http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/04_02/dogsPA23
04_468x312.jpg accessed 12/03/11 1149 hrs
 http://www.crunchysanimalrescue.org.uk/images/staf
f.jpg accessed 12/03/11 1335 hrs
 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3lhqKnS9Mg/S79Klfrmj_I/AAAAAAAAAtc/pKkd7eI8XSk/s
1600/One+of+Rush+Kennels+seized+dogs.JPG
accessed 12/03/11 1450 hrs
 http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/c2c/share/22/227/74
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References (continuation)
 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/25/impendin
g-global-food-crisis accessed on 13/03/11 1154 hrs
 http://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/india/bamboo_forest_ar
unachal_pradesh_india_photo.jpg accessed on 13/03/11 1315hrs
 http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.botany.ha
waii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/images/combret/DN
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npscesu/htms/npsapln2/fish_pops/combret/tree01.htm&h=419&
w=504&sz=39&tbnid=IqGCD4sBAYMrLM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=130
&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimage%2Bof%2Bindian%2Balmond&zo
om=1&q=image+of+indian+almond&hl=enGB&usg=__T0h00JkBVZzmJuUuE5UxDmltTeU=&sa=X&ei=t7V8
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