dynamic clustering-based adaptive mobile gateway - CS-CSIF

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PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXTGENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE
UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY:
RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE)
ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED)
TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES
INDIA
DYNAMIC CLUSTERING-BASED ADAPTIVE MOBILE
GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED VANET-3G
HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS
RAJARAJAN.S
B.Tech CSE (Pondicherry Engineering College, 2009)
Assistant Systems Engineer Trainee (Recruited to join),
Tata Consultancy Services, India
TARIK TALEB,
Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE ComSoc Satellite and Space Communications
Senior Researcher and Standardization Engineer,
NEC Europe Networks R&D Labs, Heidelberg, Germany
ABDERRAHIM BENSLIMANE,
Senior Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE ComSoc Communication and Information
Security
Professor, Laboratoire D’Informatique –
Reseaux et Applications Multimedias,
University of Avignon, Avignon, France
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION
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INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF ART
PROPOSED VANET-3G INTEGRATED NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs
ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE
RESEARCH
REFERENCES
INDUSTRIAL AND ACADEMIC R&D PROJECTS
SCOPES AND BUSINESS PROSPECTIVES OF
BEYOND 3G NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION TO VANET AND 3G-UMTS
NETWORKS
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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET):
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IEEE 802.11p Wireless Local Area Networks
Unlicensed Frequency: 5.9 GHz
Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps
Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres
Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz
3G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS)
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Wide-area Cellular Network standardized by 3GPP, operated by WCDMA
Licensed Uplink Frequency: 1.925 GHz
Licensed Downlink Frequency : 2.115 GHz
UTRAN Dedicated Channel (dch 4) Data Rates: 384 Kbps (UL), 2 Mbps (DL)
UTRAN HSDPA Data Rates: 2 Mbps (UL), 7.2 Mbps (DL)
Radio Communication Coverage Range : 8 to 10 km per BST
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
EXISTING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY IN
VANETs
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Great deal of momentum for internetworking and providing data
connectivity to VANETs
Vehicular Communication is twofold:
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Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication: Communication among vehicles by IEEE
802.11p radio interface
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication: Communication between vehicles and
static roadside infrastructure Gateway APs using DSRC, WLAN. These Static Gateways
are in turn connected to wired Internet
Disadvantages of static Gateways:
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Cost of erecting static roadside infrastructure gateways at fixed distances from one
another
Unsuited nature of static Gateways for infrastructure-less and dynamic VANET scenarios
and multi-hop nature of communication
Unfavourable during Gateway Handover due to pro-active nature of communication
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
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PURPOSE OF VANET-UMTS INTEGRATION
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Provision of seamless data access and inter-networking support to dynamic,
infrastructure-less VANET by envisioning VANET – UMTS integration
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN): Integration of individual wireless
networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of multiple access techniques.
Multi-hop Beyond 3G Networks: Type of HWN - formed by integration of IEEE
802.11p multi-hop ad hoc networks (VANET) with 3G UMTS
PURPOSE:
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Coupling high data rates (IEEE 802.11p) with wide range of communication (3G)
facilitates extension of UMTS service coverage over VANET
Configuring vehicles with UMTS UTRAN interface enables them connect to internet and
serve as mobile gateways
Suited for dynamic, infrastructure-less topologies and multi-hop, reactive nature of
communication in VANET.
Facilitation of Gateway Handover and elimination of dead spots in UMTS
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
PURPOSE OF MOBILE GATEWAYS IN VANETUMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK
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Gateway: Dual-interfaced intermediate vehicle in VANET that enables data
communication between the vehicles in the VANET and backhaul UMTS network
Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3G UMTS and IEEE 802.11p in
Gateway vehicles for serving as liaison between VANET and UMTS networks
Research Objectives and related issues:
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Configuration of mobile gateways with dual interfaces of IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN –
these two networks lie in two different spectrum regions
Selection of a minimum number of optimal gateways – To avoid bottleneck at UMTS
BST, save access network resources and reduce hand-off frequencies
Performing Gateway Handover – to sustain UMTS service continuity and interconnectivity during loss of optimality of serving Gateway
Choice of optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism – to inform all vehicles of the multihop VANET about the Gateway.
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Pro-active (Periodic GWADV): Less Delay ; High Overhead
Reactive (On-demand GWSOL): Less Overhead ; High delay
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
PURPOSE OF CLUSTERING IN VANET-UMTS
INTEGRATED NETWORK
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Clustering : Grouping of vehicles based on similar
characteristics to differentiate between ordinary and
gateway vehicles
Tendency to enhance stability of links among vehicles,
essential during broadcast of control packets and
advertisement messages
Research Objectives and Issues:
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Performing Dynamic clustering – To adapt to the
infrastructure-less and dynamic environment of VANET
Classification of vehicles – To account the various related
vehicular metrics and characteristics for optimal grouping
Computation of Time to Live (TTL) values – To
effectively handle broadcasting of control packets and
advertisement messages within clusters
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE
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“ An efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicular networks to the Internet ”,
S.Barghi et al. [1]:
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“ Neighbourhood Fish-Eye State Routing ”, T. Taleb et al. [2]:
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Selection of route with the longest lifetime to connect VANET to the wired network, by defining LET
and RET metrics
Stationary/Mobile vehicles and purely stationary gateway. Pro-active communication between
vehicles and fixed gateways
Metric information such as hop-length or path-stability of the neighbour nodes are collected with the
help of routing updates disseminated to retain stability
A node is a neighbour if a path with minimum reliability to the node exists.
“ Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages ”, A. Benslimane et al. [4]:
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Achieves stability and reliability via efficient dissemination of alarm messages to relay nodes in risk
zones
Relaying performed by vehicle with minimum ‘defer-time’, which is the time for which rebroadcasting is delayed by a vehicle, receiving control packet or advertisement message
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
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OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE
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“Towards an Effective Risk-Conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision
Avoidance Systems”, K.B.Latieif et al. [5]:
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“A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET networks”, A.
Jamalipour et al. [6]:
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Cluster-based risk-aware collaborative vehicular collision avoidance system
Clustering of vehicles based on velocities, direction of movement and inter-vehicular
distances
Addresses issues of path disruptions or link-breakage caused by vehicle’s mobility prior
to the event’s occurrence
Grouping according to the movement directions to establish stable single-hop/multi-hop
paths
“A Novel Multi-hop Beyond 3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management
in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, S.Rajarajan et al. [13]:
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Integration of MANET with UMTS for anytime, anywhere seamless data access
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE
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“Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”,
Usman Javaid et al. [16]
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Dual-interface configuration, Multi-metric Adaptive Selection and Migration of Gateways
Metrics include residual energy, UMTS signal strength and mobility speed
Evaluation of the proposed AGMMB3G with existing HWN architectures
Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms
Description of advertisement interval and zone configuration, corresponding to number of
hops
“An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for
interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, B. Singh et al. [17]
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BST handover support – based on signal strength and distance for interoperability in
mobile cellular networks
Initiation algorithm for intersystem (i.e. 2G GSM and 3G UMTS) handover based on
combining geographical location of mobile terminals and signal strength thresholds.
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED
ARCHITECTURE
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
RNC
Global Servers
Gateway Candidate
Ordinary Vehicle
Gateway
BST
CL 1.1
Moving Direction
CL 2.2
CL1. 2
3G Active Region
Moving Direction
CL2.1
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED
NETWORK
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Individual networks in the envisioned HWN:
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Components of UMTS network:
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IEEE 802.11p-based infrastructure-less VANET
3G UMTS cellular network
Base Station Transceiver (BST): UMTS Node B. Communication with the mobile clients
via UTRAN interface
Radio Network Controller (RNC): Co-ordinates radio resources for BST
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Performs routing within the core components and
network switching functions.
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Communication with external network and
performs packet-switching within UMTS
IP Global servers are the data sources and vehicles are the mobile data clients
One or more BSTs according to ITS system management.
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
3G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES
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3G Active Region : Region within VANET where UMTS Received Signal Strength
(RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SSTh) – A portion of UMTS
coverage region
Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802.11p
and UMTS UTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region.
UMTS UTRAN interface – Enabled on GWCs
Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE
802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the 3G Active
Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Either unequipped or disabled on OVs
Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET
communication with UMTS. UTRAN interface is activated only on the gateways to
communicate with the UMTS BST
Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways:
 Reduce bottleneck at UMTS BST by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional
UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE
GATEWAY
802.11p NETWORK
MV
UTRAN interface
MV
3G UMTS UTRAN INTERFACE (DCH – IV)
VANET GATEWAY BANDWIDTH
384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE)
IEEE 802.11p INTERFACE
6 to 27 Mbps PEAK DATA RATE
1 Mbps BASIC RATE
5.9 GHz FREQUENCY
2.0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE)
0.1Mbps BASIC RATE
1.925 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCY
2.115 MHz DOWNLINK FREQUENCY
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs
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Increase in the stability of inter-vehicular links within the VANET for effective
broadcasting and relaying of messages
Three stages of dynamic clustering:
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On the basis of Direction of Movement
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Relative to the position of the UMTS BST
Relative to Cartesian Space
On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength
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On the basis of Direction of Movement
On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength
On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range
Election of Cluster Head (CH) and Computation of Time-to-Live (TTL)
Grouping of Gateway Candidates (GWCs) and Ordinary Vehicles (OVs)
On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range
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Formation of groups consisting of chain of vehicles and their one-hop neighbours.
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT
-STAGE I
Two phases:
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Direction of movement relative to the
position of the UMTS BST
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Towards the BST
Away from the BST
Direction of movement in Cartesian Space
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Formation of M directional groups by splitting
the transmission range R of vehicles into M
transmission angles (D1, D2, … DM) of equal
degrees (360/M)
Each transmission angle – corresponding to
each directional group
Each group characterized by vector SN = (Cos
θN , Sin θN ) where θN denotes angle of
inclination in Cartesian Space
Usage of GPS device to determine angle of
inclination θN and determine the vector coordinates (SN ) in Cartesian Space
DIRECTION
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DIRECTION
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DIRECTION
DIRECTION
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
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RSS = RSS0 +
DIRECTION
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UMTS RSS – better consistency than metrics such as
mobility speed
Along a particular direction of movement, the UMTS RSS
either increases or decreases consistently irrespective of
velocity
Higher speed towards the BST – higher is the rate of
increase in UMTS RSS
Higher speed away from the BST – higher is the rate of
decrease in UMTS RSS
UMTS RSS at time instant t, towards BST:
RSSt = RSSt-1 + (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a)
UMTS RSS at time instant t, away from BST:
RSSt = RSSt-1 - (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a)
In general,
v = vmax
DIRECTION
ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL
STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II
DIRECTION
SC1
GWC
SUBCLUST
∫ (1 – e-v/a)dv
v=0
3G
ACTIVE
REGION
DIRECTION
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL
STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II
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Vehicles, formed in Stage I, that are equipped with both UTRAN and IEEE 802.11p interfaces and lying
within or moving into 3G Active Region, receive intense UMTS RSS (greater than pre-defined SSTh) and
form GWC sub-cluster. UTRAN interface is enabled on GWCs, in addition to activated IEEE 802.11p.
Remaining vehicles are OVs. Activated only with IEEE 802.11p interface.
Slope A
UMTS Signal
Strength (RSS)
UMTS Signal Strength
(RSS)
Slope B
RSS0
v0
Slope A
Slope B
RSS0
Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) vMAX
0
Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) vMAX
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
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© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
DIRECTION
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Pair of GWCs whose inter-vehicular
distance is less than or equal to their IEEE
802.11p wireless transmission range form a
new sub-cluster or join an existing subcluster if one of the GWCs is already a
member of the sub-cluster
Transmission Range of GWC vehicle is
determined as follows:
 R = Tr . (1 – Є)
-where,
R – Wireless Transmission Range of the
vehicle
Tr – Peak Wireless Transmission Range
of the vehicle
Є – Wireless Channel Fading condition
DIRECTION
CLUSTERING ON THE BASIS OF IEEE 802.11P
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION RANGE
DIRECTION
SC1
SC2
SUB-
CLUSTE
DIRECTION
ELECTION OF CLUSTER HEAD AND
COMPUTATION OF TTL
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Distributed Approach:
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GWC1 and GWC5 – Border GWCs of the sub-cluster (formed in Stage III)
Identification of borders as leading and trailing edge GWCs of the sub-cluster
Leading edge (L.E) GWC – No neighbour behind it
Trailing edge (T.E) GWC - No neighbour in front of it
CH
L.E GWC communicates that its status and its GPS
TTLc=2
co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front
The neighbour calculates its relative distance from
L.E GWC and transmits this information along with its GPS
TTLc=2
GWC5
co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front
GWC1
(R.D + GPS co-ordinates)
This continues till the information reaches the T.E GWC.
The T.E GWC thus calculates its Relative Distance from the L.E. GWC and re-broadcasts this information along
with its GPS co-ordinates
This continues till the re-broadcast message reaches the middle vehicle in the cluster (identified to be
approximately (closest to) half of the R.D of the T.E. GWC)
Further re-broadcasting is not done and this vehicle claims itself to be the CH of the cluster
TTL (TTLc): Computed as the maximum hop distance between the CH and the border-edge GWCs
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MOBILE
GATEWAY MANAGEMENT
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Gateways: Intermediate vehicles which serve as a liaison between VANET and
UMTS
Mobile Adaptive Gateways to support dynamic, infrastructure-less, reactive and
multi-hop communication nature of GWs
3 stages of Gateway Management include:
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Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Selection:
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Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Handover:
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To select minimum number of optimal CHs as Gateways, per direction, to enable VANET
communicate with the backhaul UMTS network
To perform handover of the serving gateway to one or more optimal gateways when the serving
gateway loses its optimality
Gateway Discovery/Advertisement
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To inform vehicles of the VANET about the Gateway by adopting Hybrid Gateway Discovery
Computation of TTL for the CH and vehicular source in VANET
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY
SELECTION ALGORITHM
Begin Algorithm 1
1. A source broadcasts GWSOL message within the VANET . Dynamic Clustering is
performed in 3 stages, as explained above
2. When receiving GWSOL by a vehicle
If (VEHICLE_TYPE = CH or GWC) Then
2.1. Transmit metric information of CH containing the three metrics Xi (i=1..3): RET with
source, UMTS RSS and MOBILITY_SPEED
2.2. Discard duplicate GWSOL messages from the same source (if any).
Else
2.3. Forward GWSOL to all vehicles in the next hop in the same direction and so on, till
GWSOL reaches at least one of the GWCs in each sub-cluster, reachable from the
source.
End If
3. When receiving a reply,
3.1. The source calculates the scaled metric Yi .
For each metric Xi of the CH, where 1< i < 3 do:
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY
SELECTION ALGORITHM
If (Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then
Xi – Xmin
Yi =
Xmax - Xmin
Else If (Xi[CRITERION] is NEGATIVE) Then
Xmax – Xi
Yi =
Xmax - Xmin
End If
End For
3.2. The source calculates the weight of each CH by:
3
WCH = ∑( Xi[PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Yi )
i=1
4. The source determines the CH with the maximum Weight and selects it as the GATEWAY
5. The source broadcasts information about the GATEWAY within the VANET
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY
SELECTION ALGORITHM
6. The GATEWAY activates its 3G UTRAN interface in order to communicate with the UMTS
BST
7. For every new ACTIVE_SOURCE do
7.1. If ((UMTS_RSS > SSTh ) and (RET with New ACTIVE_SOURCE > RETTh)) Then
7.1.1. New ACTIVE_SOURCE continues with the same GATEWAY
Else
7.1.2. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for selecting a new GATEWAY
End If
End For
End Algorithm 1
Note: 1. There cannot be any common GWC as a neighbour to any 2 sub-clusters
- ( ab + cd ) + √( a2 + c2 ) R2 – ( ad – bc )2
2. LETij =
RETn-1 = min{LETi,i+1}, i = 1,…,n – 1
a2 + c2
a = vi cos θi – vj cos θj ; b = xi – xj ; c = vi sin θi – vj sin θj ; d = yi – yj
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
ADAPTIVE GATEWAY HANDOVER –
THE PROCESS
S
METRIC
REQUEST
METRIC
REQUEST
METRIC
RESPONSE
GWC
GWC
METRIC
REQUEST
GWC
METRIC
RESPONSE
GWa
CH
METRIC
REQUEST
METRIC
RESPONSE
CH
GWa
GWC
ELECT Cha AS THE NEW
GW AND INFORM VANET
BY HYBRID DISCOVERY
NEW GW
LOSS OF
OPTIMALITY
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
COMPUTATION AND
COMPARISON OF
WEIGHTS (FOR
MORE THAN ONE
METRIC RESPONSE)
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY
HANDOVER
Begin Algorithm 2
For the current serving gateway GW with respect to its sources,
1. If (SS[GW] < SSTh) Or (RET[GW] < RETTh) Then
1.1. Broadcast METRIC_REQUEST solicitations for new gateways
1.2. Receive METRIC_REQUEST from some CHs
1.3. Determine Gateway-Elects as the list of CHs with the maximum weight using
MMGSA, with respect to each of its ACTIVE_SOURCE
1.4. Forward new incoming transactions to Gateway-Elects
1.5. Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery and Advertisement mechanism to inform
vehicles about the Gateway-Elects
End If
2. Gateway-Elects become serving gateways and send acknowledgement to the old
gateway GW
End Algorithm 2
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS
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PRO-ACTIVE
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Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message
by the GATEWAY
Less Delay
More Overhead
GWADV
s
GWADV
G
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
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GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...Contd

REACTIVE
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On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message
by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer
Less Overhead
More Delay
GWSOL
s
GWSOL
G
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...(Contd)
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HYBRID
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Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms
Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast
of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET
Less Overhead
Less Delay
Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval
s
GWSOL
GWADV
G
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY/ADVERTISEMENT
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Hybrid Gateway Discovery – combining the pro-active and reactive mechanisms for less
delay and overhead
CH and elected GW broadcast periodic Cluster Advertisement (CA) and GWADV messages
within the cluster using the TTLc
From the CA/GWADV, every other GWC within the cluster knows metric information about
CH: RET with the source(s), UMTS RSS and mobility speed of VANET
Now, a vehicle which wants to become a vehicular source needs to broadcast reactively the
on-demand GWSOL using TTLs
TTLs – Computed as maximum of the hop distances between source and its nearest GWC
(one-hop further from the last OV i.e. OVn), and between the source and the first OV in the
VANET, so that the GWSOL reaches the OV and the immediate GWC
Sufficient if the GWSOL reaches the GWC and not CH as GWC of the cluster knows
information about its corresponding CH
d( s , OV1 ) d( s , OVn )
,(
TTLs = Max (
+1))
Rs
Rs
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
ILLUSTRATION OF HYBRID GATEWAY
DISCOVERY IN VANET-3G INTEGRATED
NETWORK AND LEMMA
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A Vehicular source has the maximum RET with the CH of the nearest cluster
Source S has RET equal to 0 with the CH of the any other clusters existing beyond
the reachable cluster as there will not be a neighbour GWC between any 2 clusters.
BST
TTLs
Moving Direction
TTLc
CL 1.1
CL 1.2
CL 2.2
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
A. NS2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR VANET
Parameters
Values
Parameters
Values
Area
8000 x 1000 m2
Interface Queue length
20 packets
Channel
Channel/
WirelessChannel
Antenna Type
Antenna/
OmniAntenna
Propagation Model
Propagation/
Nakagami
Routing Protocol
AODV
Network Interface
Phy/
WirelessPhyExt
No. of vehicles
50
Peak mobility speed
30 ms-1
MAC Interface
Mac/802_11Ext
Mobility Model
300 m
Peak Wireless
Transmission Range
300 m
UMTS RSS Threshold
-94 dBm
Interface Queue
Type
Queue/DropTail/
PriQueue
Transport Layer
TCP/Newreno
Protocol & Application
Packet Size
1 KB
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameters
Values
Uplink Frequency
1.925 GHz
Downlink Frequency
2.115 GHz
Peak Uplink Channel Bit Rate
384 Kbps
Peak Downlink Channel Bit Rate
2 Mbps
Wireless Transmission Range of UMTS BST
7 km
UMTS Node B – RNC Data Rate
622 Mbps (TTI: 1 ms)
RNC – SGSN Data Rate
622Mbps (TTI: 1 ms)
SGSN – GGSN Data Rate
622 Mbps (TTI: 10 ms)
GGSN – external IP Host Data Rate
10 Mbps (TTI: 15 ms)
Node B Interface Queue Length
20 packets
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
EVALUATION PARAMETERS

EVALUATION PARAMETERS:






Packet Delivery Ratio
Throughput
Control Packet Overhead
Packet Drop Fraction
Delay
METRICS CONSIDERED FOR EVALUATION:




VANET vehicular sources
Mobility speed variance
IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range of vehicles
Number of clusters in VANET at an instance
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS
75
70
DYMO in integrated
65
VANET-Internet
60
AODV+ in
MGSA
55
AODV in
CMGM
50
2
4
6
8
10
Number of vehicular sources in VANET
Control Packet Overhead (%)
Data Packet Delivery Ratio ( %)
50
45
40
DYMO in integrated
35
VANET-Internet
30
AODV+ in
25
MGSA
20
AODV in
CMGM
15
2
4
6
8
10
Number of vehicular sources in VANET
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.78%
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 12.07%
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 18.01%
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 23.39%
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+: 18.79%(T),2.96%(A)
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 22.75%(T),10.65%(A)
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 16.71%(T)
22.2%(A)
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 24.97%(T)
29.45%(A)
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 11.68
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 2.62
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 16.62
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 10.74
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.22%
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 8.75%
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 5.09%
IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 16.4%
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 9.17%
IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 5.67%
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE
RESEARCH


Envisioning a novel VANET – UMTS Integrated Network Architecture involving route
stability, mobility and signal strength features.
Dynamic Clustering mechanism to:





Adaptive Gateway Management to:





Group vehicles moving in the same direction
Differentiate between Gateway Candidates and ordinary vehicles
Enhance Stability by grouping vehicles and their neighbours into clusters
Elect Cluster Head and enable CH communication with rest of the GWCs
Select minimum number of optimal and adequate gateways to avoid bottleneck at BST
Perform gateway handover at times of loss of optimality of the serving gateways
Discover the newly-elected Gateways within the VANET
To incorporate Collision Avoidance mechanism as risk-aware factor during clustering, as
future work by defining a critical “inter-vehicular distance” among vehicles
To enable QoS for differentiating services according to vehicular priorities
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
S. Barghi, A. Benslimane, and C. Assi, “An Efficient Routing Protocol for connecting
Vehicular Networks to the Internet”, in Proc.10th IEEE Int’l Symp. on a World of
Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Kos, Greece, Jun. 2009.
M. Scholler, T. Taleb, and S. Schmid, “Neighborhood Fish-Eye State Routing”, in
Proc.20th PIMRC, Tokyo, Japan, Sep. 2009.
M. Gerla, X. Hong, and G. Pei. “Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc
Networks”, Internet Draft draft-ietf-manet-fsr-03, Jun. 2002.
A. Benslimane, “Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages in Vehicular Ad-hoc
Networks (VANET)”, LNCS Springer Berlin/Heidelberg High Speed Networks and
Multimedia Communications, Vol. 3079, pp. 655 - 666, Sep. 2004.
T. Taleb, A. Benslimane, and K.B. Letaif, “Towards an Effective Risk-conscious and
Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, Nov. 2010. (to appear)
T. Taleb, E. Sakhaee, A. Jamalipour, K. Hashimoto, N. Kato, and Y. Nemoto, “A Stable
Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET Networks”, IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, Vol.56, No. 6, pp.3337 - 3347, Nov. 2007
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CONFIDENTIAL
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
M. Heddebaut, J. Rioult, J. P. Ghys, C. Gransart, and S. Ambellouis, “Broadband
vehicle-to-vehicle communication using an extended autonomous cruise control sensor”,
Meas. Sci. Technol., Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1363–1373, Jun. 2005.
M. Shulman and R. Deering, “Third annual report of the crash avoidance metrics
partnership April 2003–March 2004,” Nat. Highw. Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA),
Washington, DC, Jan. 2005. DOT HS 809 837.
C. Bergese, A. Braun, and E. Porta, “Inside CHAUFFEUR,” in Proc. 6th ITS World
Congr, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999.
L. Andreone and C. Ricerche, “Activities and applications of the vehicle to vehicle and
vehicle to infrastructure communication to enhance road safety,” in Proc. 5th Eur.
Congr. Exhib. ITS, Hannover, Germany, Jun. 2005.
R. Kruger, H. Fuler, M. Torrent-Moreno, M. Transier, H. Hartenstein, and W. Effelsberg,
“Statistical analysis of the FleetNet highway movement patterns,” University of
Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, Tech. Rep. TR-2005-004, Jul. 2005.
W.-B. Zhang, H.-S. Tan, A. Steinfeld, B. Bougler, D. Empey, K. Zhou, and M. Tomizuka,
“Implementing advanced vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSS) for highway
maintenance operations,” in Proc. 6th Annu. World Congr. ITS, Toronto, ON, Canada,
Nov. 1999.
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
R. Manoharan, S. Rajarajan, S. Sashtinathan, and K. Sriram, “A Novel Multi-hop B3G
Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks,” in
Proc. 5th IEEE WiMob 2009, Marrakech, Morocco, Oct. 2009.
A. Lo, J. Zhou, I. Niemegeers, “Simulation-based Analysis of TCP over beyond 3G
Cellular Multi-Hop Networks”, In Proc 17th IEEE PIMRC, Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006.
F.P. Setiawan, S.H. Bouk, and I. Sasase, “An Optimum Multiple Metrics Gateway
Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, In Proc.
IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008.
U. Javaid, D.-E. Meddour, S.A. Mahmud, T. Ahmed, “Adaptive Distributed Gateway
Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV,
Mar. 2008.
T. Murray, M. Cojocari, and H.Fu, “Measuring the performance of IEEE 802.11p using ns2 Simulator for Vehicular Networks,” In Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Electro/Information
Technology (EIT), Ames, IA, May 2008.
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
L.E. Hodge, S.C. Ghosh, S. Hurley, R.M. Whitaker, S.M. Allen, “Coverage and Service
Bounds for UMTS”, In Proc. International Conference on Mobile Technology,
Applications, and Systems, Yilan, Taiwan, Sep. 2008.
B. Singh, “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for
interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, In Springer Netherlands Wireless Personal
Communications, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 879 - 887, Apr. 2007
“Overview of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems”,
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm
K. Fall and K. Varadhan, “The ns Manual”. available at
http://wwwi.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html
L. Paquereau, “A Module-Based Wireless Node for Multi-channel Multi-interface support
in NS2 – Notes and Documentation”, Center for Quantifiable Quality of Service in
Communication Systems, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway – Laurent Paquereau Edition, Mar. 2007
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES
23. N. Baldo, F. Maguolo, M. Miozzo, M. Rossi, and M. Zorzi, “ns2-MIRACLE: a
modular framework for multi-technology and cross-layer support in network
simulator 2”, In Proc. 2nd International Conference on Performance Evaluation
Methodologies and tools, Value Tools, Nantes, France, Oct. 2007.
24. C.E. Perkins and E.M. Royer. "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing." In
Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New
Orleans, LA, USA, Feb. 1999.
25. A. Hamidian, “A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad hoc Networks in
NS2”, Masters Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, LTH at Lund University, Feb.
2003.
26. C. Sommer, and F. Dressler, “The DYMO Routing Protocol in VANET
Scenarios”, in Proc.66th IEEE VTC, Baltimore, MD, Sep. 2007.
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON INTERVEHICULAR COMMUNICATION


Allocation of spectrum for Inter-vehicular Communication (IVC) and Wireless
Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) by Federal Communications
Commission
Inter-vehicular Communication Projects by Governments and Industries:




Toyota
BMW
Daimler-Chrysler
Projects on Intelligent Transportation Services in IVC






Advance Driver Assistance Systems
Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership
Chauffeur in EU
CarTALK 2000
FleetNet
California Partners for Advanced Transmit and Highways (California PATH)
INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON BEYOND 3G
NETWORKS




Major R&D funding for 3G and Beyond 3G Networks from EU-SPICE Project,
Europe – Focus upon UMTS and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 3G technology
SPICE Project – European effort in Telecoms research called Wireless World Initiativ
(WWI)
Funding from EU’s Sixth Framework Programme for research
Major Partner Industries (24) in EUROPE:







France Telecom-Orange
Alcatel-Lucent
Nokia Siemens Networks
Ericsson R&D
Fraunhofer Institute
NEC Europe Network R&D Labs, Germany
Standardization by ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) in association
with 3GPP
3G IN INDIA

CDMA2000 1xEVDO technology – Multiplexing technique operation for:




Contrast to Wide-Band CDMA (WCDMA) – Frequency Division Duplexing
3G and 3G-ready service operators in India:






Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – Time Division Duplexing
BSNL
MNTL
Tata Indicom (Tata Telecommunications – tie up with NTT-DoCoMo for deploying 3G
infrastructure)
Reliance
Tata’s role in 3G services – Tata Photon Plus : High-speed mobile broadband
CDMA2000 1xEVDO USB device for high speed data packet access/transfer upto
3.1 Mbps (Reliance NetConnect Plus is a competitor)
TCS Innovation Labs – Convergence: R&D in UMTS, WiFi, IMS, WiMAX, NGN
PUBLICATIONS AND HONOURS
•
PUBLICATION
– A.Benslimane, T.Taleb, S.Rajarajan, « Dynamic Clustering-Based Adaptive Mobile Gateway
Management in integrated VANET-3G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks », IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) – Special Issue on Vehicular Communication Networks,
Submitted on 5th Jan 2010
•
HONOURS FROM THE INTERNSHIP:
– Requested by IEEE JSAC editorial committee to be a reviewer for the journal, in the area of NextGeneration Vehicular Communication Networks. Indication from IEEE JSAC that the committee
believes our paper as an expertise research work in our domain, after skimming through the paper. A
big honour at B.Tech level, at the age of 21, having mentioned my designation as a student (Accepted the honour)
– Secured a bi-monthly internship stipend of € 2400 Euros sanctioned by EGIDE Group of
Institutions, Government of France.
– Encouraged by one of the session chairs of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010 to submit the conference
version of the research to have it published in IEEE GLOBECOM, Hawaii, Dec 2010. Prof.
Benslimane has asked me to present the research work in GLOBECOM on behalf of our research
team (-Awaiting till March for official confirmation of the invited publication)
– Proposal by Dr. Tania Jimenez, Co-Author of the book – NS2 for Beginners, to co-author a few
chapters on the latest MIRACLE, UMTS and WAVE patches and simulation scripts of NS2 due to
my knowledge and experience on them (-Shelved the offer due to time constraints)
FUTURE RESEARCH INTERESTS AND PROPOSALS

Incorporating risk-aware collision avoidance in our envisioned dynamic
clustering-based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated
VANET-UMTS Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Extending our architecture and methodologies to support 4G Long Term
Evolution LTE and enable Quality of Service by DiffServ (Differentiating
services by varying priority of the metrics considered in our current
architecture)

Optimization of Next-Generation Access Networks (Multi-hop B3G, 4G
LTE, WiMax) with IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) (-Dream Research)
QUERIES??
THANK YOU
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