Political Revolutions in the
th
th
18 and 19 Century
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What would cause you to become a revolutionary today?
Do you think you have the power to change your society?
Afghanistan, 2004
“The Purple Finger of Courage”
Iraq 2005
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Revolution

Definition: A process that causes rapid and
fundamental structural upheaval, often
through violence.

Rebellion: A change of leaders rather than
structures.
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Types of Revolution
Intellectual
Political
Social/Cultural
Economic
War of Independence/Liberation
Civil War
War Against External Enemies
Religious
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Active Participants
Elites - “Active citizenry”
Masses
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Ancien Regime “Evils”
Mercantilism
Absolutism
Aristocracy
The Church
Slavery
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Louis XIV
“Dude look
like a lady”
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Versailles
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Language and Goals of Revolution

Spread Enlightenment ideas of:
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Popular Sovereignty
Constitutionalism
Individual rights
Nationalism
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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Revolution #1 –
The Glorious Revolution in England


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English Civil War – Puritans vs. Royalists
King James II deposed, daughter Mary
and husband William of Orange take
throne
Parliament supreme, Constitutional
Monarchy
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Revolution #2 –
The American Revolution
What was the main reason for the American Revolution?
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Revolution in America –
War of Independence

“No taxation without Representation”

Declaration of Independence – classic statement of the
right to revolt based on Enlightenment ideas of the
natural laws of politics”
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“liberty, equality, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Outcome:

Independence
Constitution – 1789 – republican form of government for men
of property. FIRST FEDERAL REPUBLIC
Bill of Rights – individual freedoms.

Most Successful?


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Revolutionary War

Colonies:
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Logistic advantage
Popular support
Support of British rivals
George Washington
(1732-1799) provides
imaginative military
leadership

Britain:



Strong central
government
Navy, army
Loyalist population
What is one similarity between the American and French Revolutions?
What is the main reason behind the French Revolution?
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Revolution #3
The French Revolution

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Model of Revolution due to France’s global
power and her power in Europe.
Most radical—political, social, economic
changes.
Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen –
individual freedoms.
Reign of Terror – the guillotine
Role of Napoleon – first modern man?
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“Reign of Terror”
Execution of Marie
Antoinette
Between
16-30 thousand
Execution of Louis XVI
executed by guillotine
in only 9 months!
The guillotine
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Destroyer
or
Savior?
Before
After
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Napoleon’s Empire in 1812
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Outcome of the French Revolution
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Constitutional Monarchy
Power to the Bourgeoisie (Middle Classes)
Secularism
Nationalism “La Marseillaise”
The Question of Violence
La Marseillaise
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Revolution # 4
The Revolution in Haiti


Only successful slave revolt
Island of Hispaniola

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
Spanish colony Santo Domingo in east (now
Dominican Republic)
French colony of Saint-Domingue in west (now
Haiti)
Rich Caribbean colony


Sugar, coffee, cotton
Almost 1/3 of France’s foreign trade
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Society in Saint-Domingue – origins of
revolutionary sentiment

1790:

40,000 white French settlers
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30,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e.
mixed-race, freed slaves)
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
Dominated social structure
Holders of small plots
500,000 black slaves of African descent


High mortality rate, many flee to mountains
“Maroons,” escaped slaves
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The Revolt

Inspired by American and French revolutions
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500 gens de couleur sent to fight British in American War of
Independence
1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no
equality for gens de couleur
1791 civil war breaks out
Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman
French, British, Spanish forces attempt to intervene
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François-Dominique
Toussaint
“L’ouverture”
(1744-1803)
Outcome of Haitian Revolution:
•Abolition of slavery
•Independence but no
respect/recognition
•Continued political stability
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What is one difference between the
American and Latin American
Revolutions?
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Revolutions # 5+
Latin American

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Led by “active citizenry” like Bolivar,
O’Higgins, Hildalgo, St. Martin
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, American
and French Revolutions, Napoleon
Different historical tradition from North
America:

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longer and more rigidly controlled colonial
traditions
weak popular support
no unified direction or strategy
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Mexican Independence - 1821

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Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807)
weakens royal authority in colonies
Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt
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Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues
Creole general Augustin de Iturbide (1783-1824)
declares independence in 1821
Installs self as Emperor, deposed in 1823, republic established
Southern regions form federation, then divide into
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica

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O’Higgins – Liberator of Chile
Simón Bolívar
– Gran Colombia
"Independence is only a name. Previously
they ruled us from Spain, now from here. It
is always the same priest on a different
mule. But as for work, food and clothing,
there is no difference."
Bolivar
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Creole independence movements in the
Americas
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U.S. independent from Britain
Mexico from Spain
Central America from Spain
Colombia from Spain
Peru from Spain
Bolivia from Spain
Paraguay from Spain
Chile from Spain
Brazil from Portugual
1783
1821
1823
1819
1821
1825
1811
1818
1822
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Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
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Led independence movement in South America
Native of Caracas (Venezuela), influenced by
Enlightenment, George Washington
Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into
hiding
Forms alliances with many creole leaders

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José de San Martín (Argentina, 1778-1842)
Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile, 1778-1842)
Spanish rule destroyed in South America by 1825
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Gran Colombia

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Bolívar hoped to form U.S.-style federation
Venezuela, Columbia, Equador form Gran
Colombia
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Attempts to bring in Peru and Bolívia
Strong political differences, Gran Colombia
disintegrates
Bolívar goes into self-imposed exile, dies of
tuberculosis
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Brazilian Independence

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Napoleon’s invasion sends Portuguese royal
court to exile in Rio de Janeiro
1821 King returns, son Pedro left behind as
regent
Pedro negotiates with creoles, declares
independence of Brazil


Becomes Emperor Pedro I (r. 1822-1844)
Social structure remains largely intact
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Latin
America
in 1830
“The Dust
Never
Settled?”
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Outcome of the Latin American
Revolutions

Political Independence – “the dust never settled”

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A “mixed blessing”
Dependency
Caudillismo
Haciendas
“A revolution for some wasn’t a revolution for all”
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Influence of Revolutions in Other
Areas: Winners and Losers?
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women
kings
Enlightenment ideas (Liberalism)
Aristocracy
the Church
the nation-state
slaves
bourgeoisie (middle classes)
caudillos
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Revolutions at a glance…

American:

French:

War for national
independence from
colonial overlord

War for political and social
transformations within
France

Maintained many of the
basic structures of old
system

Sought to overthrow the
“ancien régime”
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More revolutions at a glance…

Haitian Revolution

Complex revolution with
complex motivations:
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Latin American
Revolutions

French white settlers
Free people of color
Black slaves
A political movement that
became a slave revolt

Wars for national
independence from
colonial overlords-Spain
and Portugal
Maintained “creole”
dominance of political and
economic life
Most revolutionary?
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Influence of Revolution throughout the
19th c. - on Slavery

Campaign to end slavery begins in 18th century
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Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)
Gains momentum after American, French and
Haitian revolutions
William Wilberforce (England, 1759-1833),
philanthropist, succeeds in having Parliament
outlaw slave trade, 1807
Other states follow suit, but illegal trade
continues until 1867
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End of the Institution of Slavery

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Haiti: slavery ends with revolution
Mexico slavery abolished 1829
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Partially to stop U.S. development of slave-based
cotton industry in Mexico
1833 Britain abolishes slavery, offers
compensation to former owners
Other states follow, but offer freedom without
equality

Property requirements, literacy tests, etc. block
voting
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Women’s Rights

Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative
regarding women’s rights



Rousseau argues women should receive education to
prepare for lives as wives and mothers
Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) argues that
women essentially born into slavery
Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797)

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
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