September 10, 2013
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Review: Course
Structure
Critical Thinking
Assignment
Historical Overview
NDP Years
Campbell Years
September 10, 2013
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Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning
and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion
Today May 4, 2011.
Mark Hume, “The fight to protect what’s left
of old-growth forests,” Globe and Mail, March
17, 2013
September 6, 2012
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motivated cognition: unconscious tendency to fit
processing of information to conclusions that suit
some end or goal
 biased information search: seeking out (or
disproportionally attending to) evidence that is congruent
rather than incongruent with the motivating goal
 biased assimilation: crediting and discrediting evidence
selectively in patterns that promote rather than frustrate
the goal
 identity-protective cognition: reacting dismissively to
information the acceptance of which would experience
dissonance or anxiety.
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Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science
and Religion Today May 4, 2011.
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Read the Hume article
Write down and bring to class:
 1 important argument in the article
 Value(s) underlying that argument
 Factual assertion, if any, behind the argument
 Max 15 minutes of “research” to fact-check
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Critical reading assignment
Evolution of BC forest policy
Readings:
 Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It
Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.
 BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource
Operations, Timber Tenures in British Columbia: Managing Public
Forests in the Public Interest, June 2012,
 George Hoberg, “Bringing the Market Back In: BC Natural
Resource Policies During the Campbell Years,” in British
Columbia Politics and Government, Micheal Howlett, Dennis
Pilon, and Tracy Sommerville, eds, (Toronto: Edmond
Montgomery, 2010), pp. 331-43, 349-51. (reading packet)
September 5. 2013
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Review: Course
Structure
Critical Thinking
Assignment
Historical Overview
NDP Years
Campbell Years
September 10, 2013
10
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BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource
Operations, Timber Tenures in British Columbia: Managing
Public Forests in the Public Interest, June 2012,
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/ti
mber-tenures/timber-tenures-2006.pdf
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George Hoberg, “Bringing the Market Back In: BC Natural
Resource Policies During the Campbell Years,” in British
Columbia Politics and Government, Michael Howlett,
Dennis Pilon, and Tracy Sommerville, eds, (Toronto:
Edmond Montgomery, 2010), pp. 331-43, 349-51. (reading
packet) note figure 18.3 – label backwards
September 10, 2013
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“Those who cannot
remember the past are
condemned to repeat
it” – George Santayana
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Policy legacies of the
past constrain present
options
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BC’s forest tenure system is an
anachronism.* With its origins in the mid20th century, it is the legacy of another
era…and ill-equipped to deal with the
realities of the 21st century, including the
changing character of the timber resource,
changing public attitudes towards and
demands on crown forests…
Anachronism: A thing belonging or appropriate to a period other
than that in which it exists, esp. a thing that is conspicuously oldfashioned.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Allocation of “Crown” timber-- tenure
Pricing -- stumpage
Rate of harvest – allowable annual cut (AAC)
Land Use – zoning for different values
(logging, conservation, etc)
Regulation of harvesting -- Forest Practices
Emergent areas and overlaps (energy,
carbon)
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BC forestry glossary
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/
glossary/Glossary.pdf
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“it is evident that forest tenures are means by which
governments grant benefit streams from forest resources
to individuals or organizations, subject to numerous
operational rules that are conditions of holding tenure.
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As such, we define forest tenures as property rights to
forest resources granted to private firms by governments.
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In Canada, Crown forest tenures that delineate property
rights to the nation’s public forests influence the
behaviour of both public and private agents in the forest
sector and, consequently, have been key instruments of
public forest policy since the earliest years of colonization.
Luckert et al p 50
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outright land sales
(mostly Railroad)
 < 5%, but high quality
 timber leases since
1865 (“old temporary
tenures”)
 contained
“appurtenancy”
provision linking
harvesting rights to the
operation of sawmill
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restriction on the property right of the tenure
agreement
“appurtenancy refers to whether a tenure
holder must own and/or operate a processing
facility for the products covered by the tenure
in order to exercise the rights granted”
(Luckert et al p 63)
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1912: Forest Act
Followed from the Fulton
Commission
 Focus on timber allocation,
revenues, and economic
development
 Created Forest Service
 Created Timber Sale Licences
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 awarded on competitive bids,
no appurtenancy
 all management done by
government
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contained objective of
“protecting the water supply”
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1947 Amendments
Followed Sloan Royal Commission
Sustained yield policy -- rate of cut
Forest Management Licences
(future Tree Farm Licences)
 area-based, unlimited in term (later
changed)
 management responsibilities
delegated to private companies
 intended to attract large capital
investments necessary for large plants
(economic development)
 some had appurtenancy clauses
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Allocation of new licences very controversial
 “Sommers Affair” - Minister of Forests convicted
for taking bribes
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late 1950s-early 60s, move away from
competitive bidding
Continued domination of economic values
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1978 Amendments (+ Ministry of Forests Act)
 Followed Pearse Royal Commission
 explicit incorporation of environmental values
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Business-oriented “Socred” government
struggled to accommodate surging
environmental concern
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early 1980s
deep staff cuts
“sympathetic
administration”
1987 Amendments
required private sector to
bear full financial
responsibility for
reforestation
response to US
countervailing duty
pressures
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Rejuvenation of environmental concern
1988: proposal to “rollover” all volumebased (FL) tenures to area-based (TFL)
creates crisis
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Criticized as “privatization”
1989: Forest Resources Commission
appointed
beginning of the end of the old regime
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evolution of tenure
 less competition, more concentration of control
 more private management responsibilities
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Government-business partnership
economic concerns dominant (FP = BC econ
development policy)
environmental concerns peripheral
when in crisis, appoint a Commission
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1991: NDP government elected
Forest Practices Code – significantly
expanded government regulation of how
logging was done
2. Land Use Planning – comprehensive
planning framework designed to increase
protected areas to 12%
3. Timber Supply Review – brought more
rigour and care to determination of rate of
harvest
4. Forest Renewal BC created to invest in
future forest and compensate workers
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1.
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1996: shift from Harcourt to Clark
 from pale green to labour brown
 Jobs and Timber Accord – tried to tie cutting
rights to provision of jobs
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some significant change to protect
environmental values
increased government regulation of
economic transactions, labour market
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governance
policies
environment
markets
actions
Consequences
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Markets
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 Technology and new
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supply
High costs
restricted US market
access
Low rate of return
Exchange rate
US demand
Price of lumber
September 10, 2013
Governance
 Environmental
movement
 First Nations
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Environment
 Climate change and
forest health
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The Campbell Era: Bringing
the Market Back in
May 2001: BC Liberals
elected
77 of 79 seats
September 6, 2007
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results-based code
 cheaper, simpler, while maintaining environmental values
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working forest
 compensate for protected areas with industrial zone -
FAILED
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market based pricing
economic deregulation (eliminated appurtenancy)
“new relationship” with First Nations
2008: Forestry Roundtable
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http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/timbertenures/apportionment/aptr032.pdf
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Read: Special Committee on Timber Supply,
Growing Fibre, Growing Value, Victoria:
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia,
August 2012.
Read over simulations and think about which
one you want to do
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