BIOLOGY
CST Review PowerPoint
Day 1: Standards. 1a -1h
According to the Blueprints…
a. Students know cells are enclosed within semi-permeable membranes that
regulate their interaction with their surroundings.
b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions
without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes
depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the
surroundings.
c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those
from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general
structure.
d. Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of
information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to
translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
e. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
in the secretion of proteins.
f. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts
and is stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemicalbond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to
carbon dioxide.
h. Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids,
proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small
collection of simple precursors.
Cells…
• A cell is the smallest unit of life that is
classified as a living thing, and is often
called the building block of life.
• Cells can be prokaryotic (bacteria,
blue-green algae) or eukaryotic
(plants, animals, fungi, protists).
• A cell has four basic components: a
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic
material, and ribosomes.
The Cell Membrane
• Separates the interior of a cell
from the outside environment.
• The cell membrane surrounds
all cells and is selectivelypermeable, controlling the
movement of substances in and
out of cells. It is may also be
involved in cell signaling and
cell adhesion.
• It contains a wide variety of
biological molecules, primarily
proteins and phospholipids.
Structure of the Cell Membrane
The Fluid Mosaic Model was a model conceived by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson in
1972 to describe the structural features of biological membranes. The plasma
membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components
such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the
membrane. That means the membrane is not solid, but more like a 'fluid'.
The membrane is depicted as mosaic because like a mosaic that is made up of many
different parts the plasma membrane is composed of different kinds of
macromolecules, such as proteins and glycoproteins.
Prokaryotic Cells
-have no nucleus, their
‘naked’ DNA is scattered
in a region of the
cytoplasm.
-cytoplasm contains
numerous ribosomes but
no membrane bound
organelles.
Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
-have a doublemembraned nucleus,
where genetic material is
located.
-cytoplasm contains a
large, complex collection
of membrane-bound
organelles (ER, vacuoles,
mitochondrion, golgi
apparatus, chloroplasts)
Plants, Animals, Fungi
The prokaryotic cell is described to possess ‘naked’ DNA, because the DNA
is not associated with any proteins (histones), unlike the genetic material in
a eukaryotic cell.
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
-possess a rigid cell wall
that contains the fibrous
carbohydrate cellulose.
-possesses no cell wall.
-contains chloroplasts,
where photosynthesis
takes place.
-chloroplasts are absent.
-one large central vacuole -one or more small
taking up ~90% of the
vacuoles.
cell’s volume.
-Shape is most often
rectangular.
-Shape is most often
round.
Which structures are common to both plant and
animal cells?
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and
Modification
DNA
messenger RNA
protein strand
• Proteins are manufactured
in ribosomes according to
the genetic code present in
DNA.
• Once manufactured, the
proteins are shuttled off to
the ER (endoplasmic
reticulum), an
interconnected network of
tubules and vesicles,
within cells.
• From the ER, the proteins
are sent to the Golgi
Apparatus, which is the
site of protein processing
and packaging.
• The proteins, inside
vesicles, then make their
way to their destination
(e.g. for secretion).
Mitochondria
• A mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed
organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
• Mitochondria are sometimes described as
"cellular power plants" because they
generate most of the cell's supply of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a
source of chemical energy.
In cells, energy from the breakdown of
glucose is captured in the bond/s of ATP, for
use by cells.
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are
organelles found in plant
cells and other protists like
algae organisms that
conduct photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts capture light
energy to conserve energy
in the form of ATP and
reduce NADP to NADPH
through a complex set of
processes called
photosynthesis.
Respiration and Photosynthesis
These two processes are complimentary.