CH 27 EMPIRE AND EXPANSION
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
1890-1909
I. THE LEGACY OF THE MONROE
DOCTRINE
A. 1823 President James Monroe’s address to
Congress.
B. 1845 Manifest Destiny
C. Policing the Hemisphere
II. WORLDWIDE AMBITIONS
A. The Spread of Ideals
B. New Markets
1. China
2. Japan
3. Korea
II. WORLDWIDE AMBITIONS
C. Acquiring New Lands 1867
1. Midway Islands
2. Alaska
a. 7.2 Million
b. Gold, Copper and Oil.
II. WORLDWIDE AMBITIONS
D. Moving into the Pacific
1. 1878 Samoa
2. The Hawaiian Islands
a. 1875
b. 1887
c. 1893
d.1898
III. The War with Spain
A. Cuba
1. 1895 Cuban Revolution
2. U.S. Investments
3. 1896 William McKinley
III. The War with Spain
B. Headline Wars
1. “Yellow Journalism” makes its appearance.
a. Sensationalism sells.
b. William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
c. Inventing news.
d. Hearst sends Remington to draw the
revolution. Quote: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll
furnish the war.”
2. Public outrage causes the President to send the
USS Maine to Havana as a show of force.
III. The War with Spain
3. February 15, 1898
4. April 24, 1898 The War Begins.
5. Reality versus perception
6. Volunteer organizations begin
to form such as the “Rough
Riders,” led by the former
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Theodore Roosevelt. Who had
absolutely no experience.
The Boys of ‘98
31st Michigan Volunteer Infantry
The Boys of ‘98
C. Michigan in the War…it was closer than you
think.
“There’ll be a hot time, in the old town
tonight!”
D. From Havana to Manila
1. Feb 25, Commodore George Dewey leaves
Hong Kong for the Philippines.
2. May 1, The Battle of Manila Bay.
3. US Forces leave Tampa Florida and invade
Cuba.
4. The US Atlantic fleet blockades Cuba and
Puerto Rico
US FORCES BOARD TRANSPORTS TO CUBA
LANDING IN CUBA
Santiago 1898
5. The fight for Cuba
a. American forces are unprepared
b. Spanish forces are less prepared
c. Santiago is surrounded
d. The fight for San Juan Hill
6. Spain is defeated at sea near Cuba
7. Occupying Cuba is worse than fighting there.
(malaria) Yellow Fever
E. The United States Victorious
1. August 12, 1898
a. December 1898
1. Cuba
2. Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for 20
million dollars
b. No independence for the Philippines
1.
2.
2. After the War, we considered ourselves one of the “Great
Powers” in the world.
INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW DBQ
KAPLAN: 60 MINUTES
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FOREIGN POLICY UNDER
ROOSEVELT AND TAFT
CH 28
IV. America’s Special Destiny
A. After the S-A War, the US gov’t became
comfortable with an empire
1. Some wanted to add to it
a. Annex: to add or attach new territory to an existing
country
b. US had a special destiny to uphold liberty and
freedom
c. Spread American way of life to acquired lands
IV. America’s Special Destiny
B. Creating Overseas Markets
1. Most Americans saw oversea markets as good
2. Big business had run out of places to sell things
(railroads)
3. A World Market would allow the American
Economy to grow.
IV. America’s Special Destiny
C. Anti-Imperialist Plea
1. 1902—magazine called the Nation, called the US
hypocrites for doing the same thing Spain had
done
2. We need to keep ourselves different from
Europe—no colonialism and no militarism
3. One of the most outspoken against the idea of
empire was Samuel Clements “Mark Twain.”
V. Policies in the Caribbean
A. The political and economic
requirement was ProImperialism
B. 1901—Theodore Roosevelt
becomes president:
Creates the US policy of
influencing hemispheric
affairs through power, not
words
V. Policies in the Caribbean
1. Big Stick:West African Proverb: “Speak softly
and carry a big stick; you will go far”
2. Do not brag about American Power, be so
strong so that other countries will bow down
to the US.
3. Build the Panama Canal
4. Extend the Monroe Doctrine
V. Policies in the Caribbean
C. The Big Ditch
1. Building the canal cuts out 8,500 miles of travel
from San Francisco to NY
a. Reduces travel time by 60 days
2. 1903—Hay-Herran Treaty with Columbia,
offered $10 million, and $250,000 annually for
99 years, for a canal zone six miles wide in
Panama (part of Columbia)
a. Colombian Senate rejects the treaty in hope of better
financial terms
THE BIG DITCH
V. Policies in the Caribbean
2. Hay-Herran Treaty (cont’d)
b. Roosevelt supports the revolution of Panama to
become an independent country
c. Nov. 3, 1903, Panamanians revolt
1. US warships block Colombian troops from landing
2. This helped Panama win its independence
3. Panama accepts the US’s terms
V. Policies in the Caribbean
4. The cutting of the canal began in 1904 and
was completed in 1914
a. In the first year, the project proved to be very
costly
1. Many workers came down with yellow fever or
malaria
2. Colonel William Gorgas put in a comprehensive
sanitation program that included draining swamps,
installing plumbing, and spraying pesticides
V. Policies in the Caribbean
5. Dec. 1905, yellow fever had been eliminated
6. The canal would be made using a lake and
lock system
7. The canal opened on Aug. 15, 1914, but the
world barely noticed. WHY?
a. The greatest engineering project in the history of
the world had been dwarfed by WWI
VI.
Expansion of the Monroe
Doctrine
A. Revolution is only ok if it supports US interests
B. 1904-5—Dominican Republic: several European
powers threatened the DR because they
wanted to collect money owed by the
Dominican customs; US troops intervene
C. Roosevelt justified this by issuing a corollary, or
proposition extending the Monroe Doctrine and
committing the US to maintaining stability in
the Western Hemisphere.
VI. Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine
D. Dollar Diplomacy
1. 1909—Taft becomes pres., agrees with TR’s
spirit, but not his tactics
2. Dollar Diplomacy—a milder approach to
expansion and influencing foreign gov’ts, one
that substituted dollars for bullets
a. Taft encouraged Amer. Bankers to loan money to
Central Amer. Countries to pay debts to Britain
b. He encouraged investment in Central Amer. =
VII. Policies in the Far East
A. The Chinese Market
1. Huge population (400 million) = business
markets
2. Religious missionaries built churches, schools,
and hospitals
3. Boxer Rebellion
4. US disadvantages in China
a. Geographic Location far from China.
b. Our navy was inferior in size compared to Japan,
Germany, and Britain
VII. Policies in the Far East
5. 1899-1900—Sec. of State John Hay
promoted a plan to strengthen the US’s
position in China
a. Territorial Integrity: protection of a nation from
the infringement on its land of another nation
b. Open Door Policy: allowing all nations equal
opportunity to trade with other nations,
particularly China
VII. Policies in the Far East
6. A War in the Philippines
a. Spanish for 300 years
b. 1898—becomes part of the US
c. Filipino revolutionaries, led by Emilio Aguinaldo
did not accept the US decision to annex the
Philippines w/o a fight
1. Guerilla warfare until 1902
a. 120,000 US troops fought, 4,200 died
b. 15,000 rebels and 200,000 civilians died
VII. Policies in the Far East
7. Balancing Russia and Japan
a. TR sees them as a menace to open door
diplomacy
b. 1904-5— Russo-Japan War
1. TR supports Japan because he saw them as a lesser
enemy
c. 1905—TR mediated a peace agreement
between the two and earns the Nobel Peace
Prize
d. TR main goal was to keep any country from
dominating Asia
THE NOBEL PRIZE
VII. Policies in the Far East
8. Racial Politics
a. 1906-7—Japan protested US treatment of
Japanese immigrants in San Francisco
b. 1907—school segregation ended in San Fran,
while controlling Japanese immigrants to CA
c. American Great White Fleet: modern and
stronger naval fleet of 16 battleships sent around
the world in a show of US strength