•
–
•
–
•

Source
Plant Animal NPN
Crude protein concentration
Protein digestibility
Protein quality
High
High
Low to Mod.
High
Variable
Mod. to High
High
NA
NA
Variable High Ruminal protein degradability
Net energy concentration
Fiber concentration
Calcium concentration
Phosphorus concentration
Phosphorus availability
Vitamin A
B vitamins
Variable
High
Variable
Low
High
Low
Low
Low to Mod.
High
Low
High
High
High
Low
Mod. to High
Low
Low
Low
High, if present
High, if present
Low
Low

Meal
Expeller process Solvent extraction
Drying Oilseed Drying
Crushing
Cooking
Hull removal
Flaking
Hulls
Extrude through dies
Oil
Hexane extraction
Hexane & Oil
Meal
Heat, if needed
Hexane Distillation
Oil

• Nutritional characteristics
Protein concentration
Protein digestibility
Amino acids,
Good source of
Solvent extracted
44 – 50% CP
Expeller process
41% CP
High, dependent on heating
Lysine, Tryptophan
Limiting
Ruminal protein degradability, %
TDN, %
75
84
Methionine
50
85
NDF, % 7-15% 7-15%
Palatability
• Antiquality factors
Good
• Trypsin inhibitor (Destroyed by heating)
• Urease (Destroyed by heating)
• P34 protein (May cause allergic reaction in young animals)

• Use of SBM in ration balancing
–
Commonly used in diets of all nonruminant and ruminant species
– Expeller processed SBM may be useful in the diets of ruminants with high protein requirements
•
High producing dairy cows
• Calves less than 600 lbs
– Limit SBM in the early diets of young animals (To avoid allergic reactions)
• Milk replacers
– Use purified soy protein concentrate
•
Nursery pigs (First diet)
– Use purified soy protein concentrate
– Limit SBM to 12 to 15% of first diet

•
– Nutrition characteristics
• Crude protein
• Fat
• TDN
38%
18% (Highly unsaturated)
99.8%
– Processing
• Must heat at 100 o C for 3 minutes
• Destroys trypsin inhibitor and urease
– Uses in diets
• Depends on the economics of soybean oil
• Nonruminants
– Can replace all of the soybean meal in growing-finishing pigs
– Will increase the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the pork
•
Ruminants
– Limit to 8 lb/day in dairy cow diets to prevent milk fat depression
– Liltte use in beef cattle

• Nutritional characteristics
– Crude protein concentration, %
– Protein digestibility
– Limiting amino acids
– Ruminal protein degradability
– TDN, %
– NDF, %
– Palatability
• Cattle
• Swine and poultry
36-41
High
Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan
75
78
28
High
Moderate
• Antiquality factors
– Gossypol
• Toxic to young nonruminants (Pneumonia-like symptoms)
• Turns egg yolks green
• Can be avoided with degossypolized CSM or adding Ferrous Sulfate
(1:1 Fe:Gossypol) to diet
– Sterculic acid
• Turns egg whites pink

• Uses in diets
– Ruminants
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
• Commonly fed as supplement to grazing cattle in south
– Nonruminants and poultry
•
Limit to 25 to 30% of the protein supplement
• Whole cottonseed
– Can be fed as both an energy and protein supplement
• Also high in fiber
– Used with lactating dairy cows
– Limit to 8 lb/day

• Nutritional characteristics
– Crude protein concentration, %
– Protein digestibility
– Limiting amino acids
– Ruminal protein degradability
– TDN, %
– NDF, %
– Palatability
• Cattle
• Swine and poultry
• Antiquality factors
– Fiber
40-45
High
Lysine
75
65-74
40
High
Low

• Uses in diets
– Ruminants
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
– Swine
• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for pigs greater than 75 lb
– Poultry
• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for broiler or layer diets

• A byproduct of flax seed processing
• Nutritional characteristics
– Crude protein concentration, %
– Protein digestibility
– Limiting amino acids
– Ruminal protein degradability
– TDN, %
– NDF, %
– Palatability
• Antiquality factors
34-38
High
Lysine, Tryptophan
75
81
25
High
– None
• Additional beneficial characteristic
– Contains mucin
• Increases the glossiness of the coat of horses and show cattle

• Uses in diets
– Ruminant and horses
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Limit to 25 to 33% of the protein supplement

• Nutritional characteristics
– Crude protein concentration, %
– Protein digestibility
– Limiting amino acids
– Ruminal protein degradability
– TDN, %
– NDF, %
– Palatability
35-40
High
Lysine
75
69
17
Low
• Antiquality factors
– Goitrogens (Reduced by heating or use GM rapeseed)
• Erucic acid
• Myrosinase
• Uses
– Ruminants
• Limit to 10% of the diet
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Young swine and poultry
– Limit to 5% of diet
• Mature swine and poultry
– Lmit to 12% of diet

• Nutritional characteristics
– Crude protein concentration, %
– Protein digestibility
– Limiting amino acids
– Ruminal protein degradability
– TDN, %
– NDF, %
– Palatability
• Antiquality factors
– Trypsin inhibitor
– Mold (Aspergillus flavus)
• Uses
40-48
Low
Lysine, Methionine
77
75
14
Moderate
– Ruminants
• Can comprise of all of the supplemental protein
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Limit to 30% of the supplement
• Supplement with lysine and methionine

• Byproducts of meat, dead animal rendering, poultry, fish, or dairy processing
• Expensive relative to plant protein concentrates
• Used in small quantities
• Uses
– Supply limiting amino acids, particularly to young animals
– Replace more expensive protein sources in milk replacers
– Impart additional nonnutritional benefits to young animals
•
Enhanced immune system
•
Increased maturity of digestive tract
– Supply ruminally undegraded protein to ruminants with high protein requirements

Source
Composition
Processsing
Blood added
P level
Product
Meat meal Meat tankage
Meat processing Meat processing and dead animal rendering
Meat scraps
Cooked in steamjacketed kettle
All tissue except hair, hide, and horns
Cooked in streamjacketed kettle or under direct steam
No
If > 4.4%, the product is called meat and bone meal
Yes
If > 4.4%, the product is cattle meat and bone tankage

• Nutritional characteristics
Protein concentration, %
Protein quality
Amino acids
Good source of
Limiting amino acids
Ruminal protein degradability, %
TDN, %
Meat meal
50
Good
Product
Meat tankage
60
Moderate
Lysine
Tryptophan, Methionine
50
72

•
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Feed at 5 to 10% of diet to balance lysine
– Ruminants
• Can be fed to supply ruminal undegradable protein
– Ruminants can only be fed meat meal or meat and bone meal from nonruminant species
» Prevention of prion transfer that causes Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)

•
– Blood meal
• Dried coagulated blood
• 80% Crude protein
• Low protein digestiblity
• High lysine content, but low availability (20%)
• Low isoleucine and methionine
• Low ruminal degradability (25%)
• Uses
– Ruminant diets
» Source of ruminally undegraded protein
– Nonruminant diets
» Only use in small quantities in diets of young pigs

– Spray-dried blood plasma
• 78% crude protein
• High lysine content
• Contains immunoglobulins
– Stimulates immune function
• Contains peptide growth factors
– Stimulates maturation of intestinal epithelium
• Uses
– Nursery pigs
» Fed at 4 to 7% of the diet
– Milk replacers
» Can replace all of the milk protein in replacers

•
– Produced from residues of fish processing industry or from fish caught for purpose of making fish meal
– Nutritional characteristics
• Crude protein concentration, %
• Protein digestibility
• Amino acid composition
•
Calcium, %
• Phosphorus, %
• B vitamins
35-70
High
All essential AA
2.2
1.7
High
–
Uses
• Young swine and poultry
– Used in small quantities to supply deficient amino acids
• Little use in ruminants
– Concerns
• Expense
• Unsaturated fatty acids may become rancid
• Imparts a fishy flavor to pork

•
– Composed of heads, legs, intestine, and eggs
• No feathers
– Wet or dry rendered
– Nutritional characteristics
• 55-65% crude protein
• Similar to meat and bone meal
– Uses
• Nonruminants
– Small quantities to balance lysine
• Ruminants
– Little use

•
– Feathers are cleaned and pressure-treated
– Nutritional characteristics
• Crude protein, %
• Protein digestibility, %
• Limiting amino acids
85
75
Lysine, Methionine,
Tryptophan, Histidine
– Uses
• Nonruminants
– No more than 3% of diet
• Ruminants
– Can be used as a source of rumen undegraded protein

• Nutritional characteristics
Dried skimmilk
Product
Dried buttermilk
Dried whey
CP, % DM 33 33
Protein quality
Fat, % 1
Excellent
5
Lactose
• Uses
35
• Ruminant and nonruminants
• Milk replacers or starter diets
• Poultry
• Little use
• Concern
• Expense
35
13
1
61

• Used in ruminant diets for supply degradable N to the rumen bacteria
• Can not be used to meet the protein requirements of nonruminants and poultry
• NPN sources
Urea
Biuret
Monoammonium phosphate
Diammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
% N
42 – 45
35
9
17
21
% CP
262-281
218.75
56
106
131
Other
Most common
Slow release N
Supplies P
Supplies P
Supplies S

True protein
NPN
Undegraded Small intestine
Metabolizable
Degraded protein
Recycled via saliva
(20% of dietary N) NH
3
Microbial protein
NH
3
Liver
Urea Kidney Excreted

True protein
NPN
Undegraded Small intestine
Metabolizable
Degraded protein
Recycled via saliva
(20% of dietary N) NH
3
TDN
Microbial protein
NH
3
Liver
Urea Kidney Excreted

•
– Ammonia toxicity
–
Occurs when
•
Excessive NPN is fed
• NPN is not properly mixed into diet
• Inadequate energy is fed with NPN
•
– Use NPN only in diets of ruminants with low protein requirements
• Use in diets of: Feedlot steers > 600 lb
Beef cows fed low protein roughages
Dry dairy cows
• Do not use in diets of: Lactating dairy cows
Young cattle < 600 lb
– NPN should not be > 1% of the diet DM
–
NPN should not supply > 33% of the total N of the diet
– NPN should not be >10 to 15% of the protein supplement
–
NPN should not be >5% of the protein supplement fed with a low quality roughage
– Supply adequate energy in the diet if NPN is added.
• Grain or molasses