Adapted from:
Roy Frank

Planning A Survey


Planning requires a well rounded understanding of surveying practices
Process:
1.
Choice of accuracy required (depends on use to be made)
1.
Basic Control
2.
Topographic
3.
Photogrammetry

Planning A Survey
2.
Existing Control
1.
Search records for existing control in area
1. Illinois Geological Survey – Urbana, IL
2. National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or Rockville,
Maryland
3.
Reconnaissance:
1.
Search Procedure:
1. Description often dated
2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)
3. Probe, detectors – often problems - brass

Planning A Survey
4.
Choice of Instruments and Methods
1.
Depends on availability, location, existing features, and accuracy
5.
Computation and Drafting

Accuracy and Errors


Accuracy depends on:
1.
Precise instruments
2.
Precise Methods
3.
Good Planning
Example: Angle turned with theodolite, pointed with care; readings checked thus good precision. Angle’s of 2-3” expected, real results angle’s 15” = accuracy

Errors


3 Types
1.
Blunders
2.
Systematic Error
3.
Accidental Error
Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate:
1.
Every value to be recorded must be checked by some independent field observation

Errors
2.
Once check indicates that there is no blunder, field record must never be changed or destroyed
3.
An overall check must be applied to every control survey. Make as many overall checks as possible.

Errors



Systematic Error – an error that under the same conditions will always be of same size and sign.
Basic Rules to Eliminate:
1.
All surveying equipment must be designed and used so that whenever possible systematic errors will be eliminated automatically
2.
Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause them must be determined.
Example: Temperature Corrections

Errors

Accidental Errors – (random errors) represent the limit of precision in the determination of a value

Corrected be laws of probability
 Compass Rule and Least Squares

Hydrographic Surveys
1.
2.
Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and shorelines
Rivers and Lakes – Process different
2.
Rivers
2.
Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control points on opposite sides
3.
River Portion: 2 processes
2. EDM similar to radial
3. Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection
3.
Lakes
2.
Normal process same as river but generally do not have current problems

Overall Process:
3.
4.
1.
2.
5.
Establish control points both horizontal and vertical
Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is basis for control points on shore)
Cross sections taken
If EDM, radials taken from control points due to difficulty in obtaining shots under 300’
May have to combine cross sections and radial location to pick up anomalies not covered by cross sections

Gauging Stations
2.
3.


1.
Purpose is to install either manually read or automatic gauges to determine stream, river, lake, or ocean elevations
Process:
Establish system of BM’s throughout area gauges will be installed
Establish elevation mark at site for installation
After gauges are installed, check elevation of each

Topographic Surveys

1.
2.
6 Basic Methods
Radial
Plus/Offset
2.
Plus Offset
2.
Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish points at station interval 50’, 100’, 200’
3.
Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus distance right or left (looking up stationing)
4.
Establish elevations on station points then elevation out a predetermined distance with shots at breaks

Topographic Surveys
4.
Due additional section to locate features in between stations
5.
Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Angle
Prism?
2.
Grid Method
1.
Take cross Section Groups and Combine
2.
Establish Grid baseline – often property line
3.
Establish Perpendicular line
4.
Both Marked at grid interval (25’, 50’)
5.
Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid
6.
Grid laid out by double taping
7.
Field notes 1 – 2 grids/page

Topographic Surveys
3.
Photogrammetry
1.
Limitations
1.
Trees – Leaves off – no large growths of coniferous
2.
Ground Cover – grass, thick weeds and vines, snow
3.
Clear Sky
4.
Tall Buildings
 Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the average of 2 weeks flying time

Topographic Surveys









Scale – Photo
S = (f/H’)
Coordinates From Photos
XA = (xa/f)(H-ha)
YA = (ya/f)(H-ha)
Height of an object r = radial dist. to top d = radial dist. to top – radial dist. to bottom h= d (H’) / r

Topographic Surveys
4.
GPS: Total Station System
1.
Basic of GPS
1.
Topo with GPS
2.
Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)
2.
Limitations:
1.
Must be able to maintain satellite signal – Trees,
Building
2.
Signal Reflection (Multipath) – Buildings, Fences,
Roofs
3.
Debate over elevation (0.15’ +/- my belief)

Topographic Surveys
5.
6.
Trace Contour
1.
Used to identify several contours around an area
Plane Table Surveys
1.
Rarely used
2.
Method prepares a manuscript map in the field

Mapping and Map Drafting

2 Basic Types of Maps used in
Engineering
1.
Line Drawing
2.
Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or orthophoto map

Mapping and Map Drafting
1.
Datum in Mapping:
 Datum used to correlate measurements, to determine elevations and horizontal positions for points at different locations
 Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:
1.
Spatial configuration of Earths surface (contours)
2.
Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)
3.
Physical Changes caused by man

Mapping and Map Drafting
2.
3.
Planning Maps
 Used in planning Engineering work or overall planning at the urban, Regional, or National
Levels
Plotting Contours:
 Interpolation:
1.
Estimation
2.
Computation

Mapping and Map Drafting
4.
Contours
 Characteristics of Contours:
1.
Horizontal distance between contour lines is inversely proportionate to the slope
2.
Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced
3.
Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are straight and parallel
4.
Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest slope
5.
All contours close upon themselves
6.
Different contours do not merge or cross one another
(except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map

Mapping and Map Drafting
 Factors that influence choice of map scale
1.
Clarity with which features can be shown
2.
Cost (larger scale – higher cost)
3.
Correlation of Map data with related maps
4.
Desired size of map sheet
5.
Physical factors (number and character), nature of terrain, required contour interval

Mapping and Map Drafting
5.
6.
Map Classifications
 Based on American Society of Civil
Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping
Division
1.
Design Maps:
 Used to design and construct
Information shown on Maps:

Mapping and Map Drafting
1.
The following should be on a map:
1.
Direction of Meridian (North)
2.
Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)
3.
Legend or key of symbols
4.
Title Block (identifiers)
5.
Contour Interval
6.
Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are
Referenced
7.
If coordinate base used – what system

Mapping and Map Drafting
2.
If map is to become public record
(subdivision). It must contain in addition to the above:
1.
Length of each line
2.
Direction of each line (bearing or angles)
3.
Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)
4.
Location and Kind of monuments
5.
Names of property owners (on site and adjacent)
6.
Full description of Boundary
7.
Certificate of Surveyor that map is correct

3.
4.
1.
2.
5.
Planning and Estimating from Topo
Maps
Purpose of Topo maps
Profiles
Grade contour
Drainage Area
 Limits determined by following characteristics:
1.
Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it applies
2.
Passes through every saddle that divides drainage area
3.
Often follows ridges
Reservoir Capacity

Earthwork Computations by
Average End Area
Prepare Cross Sections
Differentiate between existing & proposed
Planimeter Cross Sections
Amount of cut & fill for each cross section
Beginning and end stations have 0 value
Compute Volume
Conversion Constant: 1.852 = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2

Earthwork by Average End Area


EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA
(EXAMPLE)
END AREAS:
STATION
0+00
1+00
2+60
CUT EMBANKMENT
0
10
50
3+00 197
4+80
5+00
5
0
0
156
795
110
0
1526

SAMPLE END AREA
STATION SUM SUM
CUT FILLCUT FILL D/100 CUT FILL CUT FILL
0+00 0 0
10 156 1.0 10 156 10
156
1+00 10 156
60 951 1.6 96 1522 106
1678
2+60 50 795
247 2321 0.4 99 929 205
2607
3+00 197 1526
202 1636 1.8 364 2945 569
5552
4+80 5 110
5 110 0.2 1 22 570
5574
CUT: 570 X 1.852 = 1056 Cubic Yards
EMBANKMENT: 5574 X 1.852 = 10324 Cubic Yards
Compaction Factor = 25%, 10324 CY X 1.25 = 12905 CY Fill

U.S. Rectangular System

1.
2.
3.
4.
“IDEAL” Process:
Area divided by establishment of Principal
Meridians and Baselines
Area divided into 24 mile square tracts quadrangle using guide meridians and
Standards of Parallel (correction lines)
Divide 24 mile ² tracts into 16 townships each 6 miles square
Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections

U.S. Rectangular System

1.
2.
3.
4.
“IDEAL” Process:
Area divided by establishment of Principal
Meridians and Baselines
Area divided into 24 mile square tracts quadrangle using guide meridians and
Standards of Parallel (correction lines)
Divide 24 mile ² tracts into 16 townships each 6 miles square
Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections

Easements


1.
2.
3.
4.
Easement is a Legal document which allows someone to do something to and or through your property
Types:
Access (ingress/egress)
Construction
Water rights
Utility

Easement must Describe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What it is for (purpose)
Who between
Must be signed by all who’s name appears on deed
Width of easement
Duration – specified number of years or perpetual or life
Description of where located
Based on Rectangular system unless subdivision

Description Method for Waterline
Easements

A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across the _____ side of the _____ ¼ of the _____¼ of Section, ___, T__ __, R__
__of the ___ P.M., __________ County,
Illinois said strip lying ______ of and adjacent to the _______ right of way line of the existing public road.




Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Worldwide system of navigation satellites by U.S. Department of Defense
Started in 1982
Civil GPS Service (CGS)
 Views civil users in 3 groups:
1.
Professional
2.
Commercial
3.
Recreational

Global Positioning System
(GPS)
 Provides info in 4 categories:
1.
Planning information
2.
Current status information
3.
Historical information
4.
Responses to user questions


Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Information may be obtained from:
1.
DOT/RSPA
ATTN DMA 26
Room 8405
Washington, DC 20590
2.
Commandant
USCG Headquarters
G-NRN-2
2100 2 nd Street SW
Washington, DC 20593


Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Information may be obtained from:
3.
National Geodetic Survey
NOAA; N/CG 142
Rockwall 306
Rockville, Maryland 20852

Global Positioning System
(GPS)



Satellites broadcast on 2 bands
 L1 modulated with P code (Precise Positioning
Service – PPS)
 L2 modulated with C/A code (Standard
Positioning Service – SPS)
C/A mode intended for general use and capable of providing single point positioning
P mode is much more accurate but is reserved for military and government use



Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Planning GPS Surveys – as important as the sophisticated needed to collect the data
Planning Phases:
Presurvey reconnaissance; 2 stations site requirements; 3 connections to existing geodetic control; 4 network design; 5 satellite availability; 6 observing schedule


Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Reconnaissance (presurvey)
 Important to minimize delays or changes in observing schedule
1.
Office planning
1.
Obtain station descriptions
2.
Prepare control diagrams
2.
Preliminary Reconnaissance
1.
Determine recoverability of existing control stations
2.
Provide sketch showing existing and proposed stations
3.
Suitability of existing stations for use by GPS


1.
2.
Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Station site Selection (critical factors)
Obstructions with elevations greater than
15º-20º above horizontal should be avoided
Station mark must be suitable for occupation by tripod

Global Positioning System
(GPS)

1.
2.
Networks Design
Design depends on
1.
Surveys order and purpose
2.
Number of receivers available
3.
Desired spacing between stations
It is best to connect at least 3 existing geodetic control stations

Global Positioning System
(GPS)

1.
Field Operations
Survey team structure – determined totally by operation method
 Numbers depends on:
1.
Number of receivers
2.
Number and length of observation stations
3.
Time spent transporting equipment
4.
Logistics and administrative needs

4.
5.
2.
3.
Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Transportation
Monumentation
Power supply
Weather


1.
2.
3.
4.
Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Total Process:
Establish receivers and have all track simultaneously
Data cleaned – search for ambiguities in data to identify correct integer values
All vector solutions are computed
1.
2-3 are accomplished by built in receiver computer
Data given by longitude and latitude

New System: NAVSTAR

L2C – civil signal – added to L2 with P code
 Block II RM Satellites – Launch 2005-2009

L5 – New Frequency – more powerful and larger bandwidth
 Provides easier signal acquisition and tracking
 Block IIF Satellites
 Functional in mid 2013

1.
2.
GPS Field Data Collection
Techniques
Static – minimum 3 receivers
 Occupation/session 1-3 hours
 PDOP < 6 with 4 satellites
 Occupy 3 stations then move 2, leap frog techniques
Pseudo Static – can work with 2 receivers
 Occupy for 2-5 minutes, each station must be occupied twice approximately 2 hours apart
 Can loose satellite lock for short periods
 PDOP < 5 with 4 satellites

3.
4.
5.
GPS Field Data Collection
Techniques
Kinematics – 2 or more receivers
 Occupy 1-3 minutes
 Must track same 4 satellites minimum prefer 5
 1 rec. at base, rover occupies 1 min. move, occupy
1 min. and at end go back to beginning and repeat
Stop and Go Kinematics – 2 bases and 1 rover
 Occupation time 1-10 sec
 PDOP < 6 with 4 satellites
Real Time (RTK) – base with radio transmitter and rover with radio receiver
 Occupation 1-10 sec.
 PDOP < 6

Municipal Surveys
2.
3.
1.
Control Monuments and Associated Maps
1.
Value: used by planners, engineers, architects, utilities, and surveyors
Planning Maps
Steps of Fieldwork
1.
Establish Network of Major Control Mon.
2.
Run traverse connecting major control points
3.
Run levels and establish BM’s along traverse network

Order for project



Monuments: Iron pin with bronze cap in 12’ dia
PCC and extending min 18” below frost line (min
48”)
Traverse: 1 st order (1:200,000 – 1:500,000)
– Stations generally 1000’ – 1500’ apart
Leveling: base on NGS datum
– 3-wire differential most often used
– Avoid objects that are not permanent (fire hydrants, power poles, etc.)

Products:
2.
3.
1.
4.
Base Map – shows all control station, traverse stations, BM’s, Streets, ROW, and Public Property
Topo Map
City Property Survey (location of all existing monuments)
Underground Map (utility map)

Basic Route Survey and Design
1.
2.
Concept for Route
Reconnaissance Study
1.
Small scale mapping of region (1”-500’ to 1”-
200’)
2.
Identify Alternative Routes (corridors)
3.
Corridor Study
4.
Public Hearings on selected corridor

Basic Route Survey and Design
3.
Alignment Design
1.
Preliminary medium scale mapping of corridor
2.
Paper location study
3.
Choose desired alignment
4.
Field location survey
1.
Set PI’s
2.
Measure angle and distance between PI’s
3.
Choose and design curves
4.
Compute alignment
5.
Set centerline stations (Hubs at 100’ STA. + PC & PT)
5.
Modify alignment if needed

Basic Route Survey and Design
4.
Roadway Design
1.
Supplemental Large Scale Mapping
1.
Horizontal mapping
2.
Cross section baseline
2.
Design typical sections
3.
Design roadway items
4.
Draft plans
5.
Compute quantities
6.
Prepare specifications

Basic Route Survey and Design
5.
Right of way surveys
1.
Requires parcel and strip maps
1.
Determine ROW widths required
2.
Perform property surveys
3.
Prepare legal descriptions
4.
Stake parcels

Basic Route Survey and Design
6.
Construction surveys
1.
Reference PI, PT, PC
2.
Slope stake for rough grade
3.
Stake drainage and structures
4.
Layout roadway items
5.
BlueTop for subgrade of final grade
6.
Progress measurements and cross sections for pay quantities
7.
As built surveys

Sewer Projects
1.
2.
Firm under contract
Preliminary studies
1.
General layout map
2.
Buildings located on general layout
3.
Treatment site search
4.
Preliminary paper layout
1.
Make sure every building and potential building site can be served
2.
Manhole system placed on general layout

Sewer Projects
5.
Preliminary filed work
1.
Preliminary profiles
1. BM system established
2. Manholes set
3. Profiles run
4. Basement elevations acquired
2.
Design mapping
1. Final plans
3.
Treatment area
4.
Boundary survey
5.
Complete topo of area

Sewer Projects
3.
Design process
1.
Sewer line design
1.
Preliminary profiles drawn
1. Basement elevations plotted
2.
Manholes placed on profiles
3.
Slope between manholes computed
4.
Problem areas – alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field
2. Profiles run
3. Revert to 3A

Sewer Projects
2.
Treatment plant design
1.
Topo map prepared
2.
Type system verified
3.
Treatment system sized based on existing and projected population
4.
System designed
3.
Plans drafted
1.
Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile sheets

Sewer Projects
4.
2.
Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and cross sections
3.
Quantities computed
4.
Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be built
2. Include contract documents and bid proposal
Bidding procedure
1.
Notice of bid advertised on local paper
2.
Pre-bid meeting

Sewer Projects
3.
Bidding
1.
Each contractor submits sealed bid
2.
Bids opened and tabulated
3.
Engineer reviews proposals
4.
Engineer recommends which bid to accept
4.
Contract awarded

Sewer Projects
5.
6.
Construction
1.
Surveying
1.
Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout
2.
Manholes referenced
3.
Staking methods
1. Batterboard method
2. Laser method
4.
Measurement of quantities
As Built

Water distribution systems
1.
2.
Put under contract – water district formed
Preliminary studies
1.
General layout prepared
2.
Water district signs up users
3.
Water source located
4.
Waterlines placed on general layout
1.
Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

Water distribution systems
3.
5.
Pump station and water storage sites
1.
Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased
2.
Boundary survey performed for each site
3.
Topo each site
Field work
1.
Plan preparation
1.
Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout
2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control
3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template

Water distribution systems
2.
Waterlines placed on plan sheets
2.
Crossings and easements
1.
Every location where waterline crosses paved road, railroad – has to be topo, cross sectioned, and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
2.
Crossings plotted and permits applied for – railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
3.
Easement descriptions prepared

Water distribution systems
4.
Final design
1.
All waterlines and appurtenances on plans, easements, acquired and in docket form, rock excavation on plans
1.
Quantities computed
2.
System driven to make sure nothing missed
2.
Tanks and P.S.
1.
Designed and sized
2.
Quantities computed

Water distribution systems
5.
6.
7.
Bidding
Construction
1.
Water distribution system
1.
Waterline stakeout
1. Each easement plotted on plans
2. Crossings as permitted staked
2.
Quantities
2.
Tanks and PS
1.
Foundation staked
2.
Must be checked for plumb
As built

Architectural Projects
1.
2.
Firm Under contract
Preliminary fieldwork
1.
Boundary survey
1.
Description provided
2.
Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site
2. Compute data and analysis
3. Final stakeout
3.
Easement and encroachment search
4.
Plat of survey

Architectural Projects
2.
Topo – grid method most common
1.
Grid pattern 25’ – 100’
2.
BM – USGS
3.
Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access
4.
Utilities – nearest tied in
5.
Include all objects above, on or below, ground
6.
Prepare topo map
7.
Field check map

Architectural Projects
3.
Construction
1.
Control
1.
If large building – you may want to establish
TBM’s on control Mon.
2.
Stakeout
1.
Convert architects dimensions to engineering
2.
Layout clearing and excavation limits
3.
Layout underground piping

Architectural Projects
4.
Layout footings and foundations
5.
Layout building corners and supports
6.
Locate roads and parking areas
7.
Locate lighting and other project extras
3.
As built

Structure and Terrain Movement

Used to monitor:
1.
Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)
2.
Movement of bridges
3.
Movement of dams
4.
Landslides and earthquakes
5.
Amusement park rides

Structure and Terrain Movement


Description – error within system must be less than smallest movement to be observed
2 groups of monuments installed
1.
Reference or control monuments
2.
Deformation or movement monuments

Structure and Terrain Movement

Control – generally concrete pillars extending 3-4 feet out of ground with tribrach permanently attached

Movement monuments – for earthquake or landslide may be similar deep monuments

Structure and Terrain Movement

Equipment:
1.
GPS
2.
Turned angles
3.
Angle/Distance
4.
Leveling